Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
著者
書誌事項
Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
Unwin Hyman, 1990
- : pbk
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注記
Bibliography: p. 471-506
Includes index
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
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: pbk ISBN 9780044457572
内容説明
Landscapes viewed from afar have a timeless quality that is soothing to the human spirit. Yet a tranquil wilderness scene is but a snapshot in the steady stream of surficial change. Wind, water and human activities reshape the landscape by means of gradual to catastrophic and usually irreversible events. Much of this change destroys past landscapes, but at some times and places, landscapes are buried in the rock record. This work is dedicated to the discovery of past landscapes and their life through the fossil record of soils. A long history of surficial changes extending back almost to the origin of our planet can be deciphered from the study of these buried soils, or paleosols. Some rudiments of this history, and our place in it, are outlined in a final section of this book. But first it is necessary to learn something of the language of soils, of what happens to them when buried in the rock record and which of the forces of nature can be confidently reconstructed from their remains. Much of this preliminary material is borrowed from soil science, but throughout emphasis is laid on features that provide most reliable evidence of landscapes during the distant geological past. This book has evolved primarily as a text for senior level university courses in paleopedology: the study of fossil soils.
目次
One: Soils and Paleosols.- 1 Paleopedology.- 2 Soils on and under the landscape.- Some technical terms for soils.- Soils on the landscape.- Quaternary paleosols.- Paleosols at major unconformities.- Paleosols in sedimentary sequences.- 3 Features of fossil soils.- Root traces.- Soil horizons.- Soil structure.- 4 Soil-forming processes.- Indicators of physical weathering.- Indicators ofchemicalweathering.- Indicators of biological weathering.- Generalized soil-forming regimes.- 5 Soil classification.- Australian handbook.- FAO world map.- US soil taxonomy.- A word of caution.- 6 Mapping and naming paleosols.- Paleoenvironmental studies.- Stratigraphic studies.- Deeply weathered rocks.- 7 Alteration of paleosols after burial.- Compaction.- Cementation.- Neomorphism.- Authigenesis.- Replacement.- Dissolution.- Dehydration.- Reduction.- Base exchange.- Carbonization.- Two: Factors in Soil Formation.- 8 Models of soil formation.- 9 Climate.- Some classifications of climate.- Indicators of rainfall.- Indicators of temperature.- Indicators of seasonality.- 10 Organisms.- Traces of organisms.- Traces of ecosystems.- Fossil preservation in paleosols.- 11 Topographic relief as a factor.- Indicators of past geomorphic setting.- Indicators of past water table.- Interpreting paleocatenas.- 12 Parent material as a factor.- General properties of parent materials.- Some common parent materials.- A base line for soil formation.- 13 Time as a factor.- Indicators of paleosol development.- Accumulation of paleosol sequences.- Three: Fossil Record of Soils.- 14 A long-term natural experiment in pedogenesis.- 15 Soils of other worlds.- Soils of the Moon.- Soils of Venus.- Soils of Mars.- Meteorites.- Relevance to early Earth.- 16 Earth's earliest landscapes.- Oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere.- Differentiation of continental crust.- Precambrian scenery.- 17 Early life on land.- Did life originate in soil?.- Evidence for early life in paleosols.- Mother Earth or Heart of Darkness?.- 18 Large plants and animals on land.- Evidence of multicellular organisms in paleosols.- How did multicellular soil organisms arise?.- Putting down roots.- 19 Afforestation of the land.- Early forest soils.- A diversifying landscape.- A finer web of life on land.- 20 Grasses in dry continental interiors.- Early grassland soils.- How did grasslands arise?.- Evolutionary processes.- 21 Human impact on landscapes.- Human origins.- Early human ecology.- A tamed landscape.- On human nature.- References.
- 巻冊次
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ISBN 9780045511280
内容説明
As a text on paleosols, this book applies the expertise of soil science to ancient sequences of non-marine rocks. It provides an interdisciplinary bridge between the interests of soil scientists, sedimentary geologists and paleontologists, outlining the methods for the study and interpretation of paleosols, and sketching the long geological history of life and landscapes on Earth. Written principally for the student, this provides basic information on how to recognize, map and name paleosols; soil-forming factors most readily and reliably interpreted from paleosols; and addresses the evolution of soils. The book should serve both as a course text and as a professional reference. It is aimed at students and researchers in sedimentary geology, paleontology and soil science; archaeologists, paleoanthropologists and prehistorians concerned with environmental reconstruction.
目次
- Part 1 Soils and paleosols: paleopedology
- soils on and under the landscape
- features of fossil soils
- soil-forming processes
- indicators of physical, chemical and biological weathering
- soil classification
- mapping and naming paleosols
- alteration of paleosols after burial. Part 2 Factors in soil formation
- models of soil formation
- organisms
- topographic relief as a factor
- parent material as a factor
- time as a factor. Part 3 Fossil record of soils: a long-term natural experiment in pedogenesis
- soils of othr worlds
- earth's earliest landscapes
- early life on land
- large plants and animals on land
- afforestation of the land
- grasses in dry continental interiors
- human impact on landscapes.
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