Adrenergic activators and inhibitors

Author(s)
Bibliographic Information

Adrenergic activators and inhibitors

editor, L. Szekeres

（Handbook of experimental pharmacology, v. 54）

Springer-Verlag, 1980-1981

  • part 1 : us
  • part 2 : us
  • part 1 : gw
  • part 2 : gw

Available at 35 libraries
Filtered by Areas    Filtered by Libraries    Filtered by OPAC Links
Hokkaido
Tohoku Region
  Aomori
  Iwate
  Miyagi
  Akita
  Yamagata
  Fukushima
Kanto Region
  Ibaraki
  Tochigi
  Gunma
  Saitama
  Chiba
  Tokyo
  Kanagawa
Hokuriku/Koshinetsu Region
  Niigata
  Toyama
  Ishikawa
  Fukui
  Yamanashi
  Nagano
Tokai Region
  Gifu
  Shizuoka
  Aichi
  Mie
Kansai Region
  Shiga
  Kyoto
  Osaka
  Hyogo
  Nara
  Wakayama
Chugoku/Shikoku Region
  Tottori
  Shimane
  Okayama
  Hiroshima
  Yamaguchi
  Tokushima
  Kagawa
  Ehime
  Kochi
Kyushu/Okinawa Region
  Fukuoka
  Saga
  Nagasaki
  Kumamoto
  Oita
  Miyazaki
  Kagoshima
  Okinawa
Asia Region
  Korea
  China
  Thailand
Europe Region
  United Kingdom
  Germany
  Switzerland
  France
  Belgium
  Netherlands
  Sweden
  Norway
North America Region
  United States of America
Other Foreign Region
Search this Book/Journal
Note

Includes bibliographies and indexes

part 1 contributors N. -E. Andén ... [et al.]

part 2 contributors D. M. Aviado ... [et al.]

Description and Table of Contents
Volume

part 1 : gw ISBN 9783540097976

Description

Not much more than a decade has passed since the appearance of the outstanding handbook, Catecholamines, edited by BLASCHKO and MUSCHOLL, in the series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. However, this extremely well organized volume dealt mainly with the origin, molecular actions, and fate of the naturally occuring catecholamines. It was felt that a separate volume should be dedicated to the remarkable and exciting progress made in the field of agents influencing the adrenergic system, both in physiologic and pharmacologic respect. The editor of the present volume considers himself lucky to have been able to persuade a number of eminent specialists to collaborate. The main concept of the present handbook is a systematic approach to the various effects of adrenergic activators and inhibitors starting with the chemistry and structure actitivity relationship, followed by the evaluation of adrenergic activators and inhibitors, and discussing their mode of action. The most voluminous part is the chapter dealing with the systemic pharma- cology of these agents analyzing the effects on the central nervous system, on the autonomic nervous system, on the cardiovascular, the respiratory, the digestive, the endocrine system, on the skeletal muscle, and on metabolism. Kinetics and bio- transformation, further toxic effects are discussed in the following chapters. A special chapter on clinical features concludes the monograph.

Table of Contents

  • Section I: General Considerations.- 1 Chemistry of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists.- A. Introduction.- B. Beta-Adrenergic Agonists.- I. Subclassification of Beta-Adrenoceptors.- II. Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Substitution on the Amine Group.- 2. Substitution on the Aromatic Ring.- 3. Side Chain Substitution
  • Conformation of Phenylethanolamines.- 4. Phenoxypropanolamines.- C. Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists.- I. Potency and Tissue Selectivity.- 1. Side Chain Variations.- 2. Substitution on the Amino Group.- 3. Substitution on the Aromatic Ring.- II. Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity.- III. Membrane-Stabilizing Activity.- D. Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists.- E. Subclassification of Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- F. Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists.- I. Ergot Derivatives.- II. Haloalkylamines
  • Irreversible Alpha-Blockade.- III. Phenoxyalkylamines and Benzodioxans.- IV. Dibenzazepines and Dibenzazocines.- V. Imidazolines and Related Heterocycles.- VI. Phenylethanolamines.- VII. Piperazines, Piperidines, and Related Heterocycles.- VIII. Yohimbine.- IX. Neuroleptic Drugs.- References.- 2 Sympathomimetic Amine-Induced Responses of Effector Organs Subserved by Alpha-, Beta1-, and Beta2-Adrenoceptors.- A. Introduction.- B. Alpha-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Responses.- I. Vasoconstriction.- II. Spleen Smooth Muscle.- III. Uterus.- IV. Seminal Vesicles.- V. Retractor Penis.- VI. Eye.- VII. Nictitating Membrane.- VIII. Liver.- 1. Glycogenolysis.- 2. Gluconeogenesis.- IX. Intestinal Smooth Muscle.- X. Additional Delineations.- C. Beta1-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Responses.- I. Cardiac Excitation.- II. Cardiac Glycogenolysis.- III. Vascular Smooth Muscle.- 1. Coronaries.- 2. Intestinal Smooth Muscle.- IV. Kidney Renin Release.- V. Adipose Tissue.- 1. White Adipose Tissue Lipolysis.- 2. White Adipose Tissue Lipogenesis.- 3. Brown Adipose Tissue Calorigenesis (Nonshivering Thermogenesis).- VI. Salivary Gland Secretion.- VII. Additional Observations.- D. Beta2-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Responses.- I. Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxation.- II. Tracheal and Bronchial Smooth Muscle.- 1. Relaxation.- 2. Antianaphylaxis.- III. Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Contraction.- 2. Glycogenolysis (Lacticacidemia).- IV. Potassium Uptake (Hypokalemia).- V. Urinary Bladder.- VI. Uterus.- VII. Insulin Release.- VIII. Gall Bladder.- IX. Vas Deferens.- X. Rat Diaphragm.- XI. Additional Observations.- E. Summary.- References.- 3 Evaluation of Adrenergic Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Activators and Adrenergic Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- A. In Vivo Tests.- B. Organ-Perfusion Tests.- C. Isolated Tissues for Evaluation of Adrenergic Drugs.- D. Quantitation of Agonists and Factors Which Affect the Quantitation.- E. Design of an Experiment.- F. Base Line Problems.- G. Analysis of Data.- H. Factors Which Influence the Shapes and Slopes of the Dose-Response Curves of Sympathomimetic Substances.- I. Stereoisomeric Forms.- II. Indirect Action.- III. Density of Adrenergic Innervation.- IV. Distribution of Adrenoceptors.- V. Dose-Response Curves and Ca2+Ions.- VI. Enzymatic Degradation and Drug Disposition.- VII. Miscellaneous Factors.- I. Procedures for Determination of Dissociation Constants (KA) of Agonists.- J. Evaluation of Adrenergic Blockers and Associated Experimental Complications.- K. Evaluation of Adrenergic Drugs in Subcellular Fractions.- L. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Evaluation of Agents That Release or Modify Release of Adrenergic Transmitter.- A. General Considerations.- I. Adrenergic Transmitter-Releasing Agents.- 1. Ganglion Stimulants.- II. Drugs Causing Impaired Transmitter Release.- 1. Major Classes.- 2. The Evaluation of Adrenergic Neurone-Blocking Agents.- 3. The Evaluation of Agents that Deplete Noradrenaline.- 4. Inhibition of Noradrenaline Synthesis.- 5. Evaluation of False Transmitter Substances.- 6. Evaluation of Presynaptic Alpha-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 7. Other Presynaptic Systems that Reduce Transmitter Release.- B. Some Prefered Methods and Their Use in Evaluating Drugs.- I. Cat Spleen: Release of Adrenergic Transmitter and Motor Responses.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- II. Rabbit Pulmonary Artery: Release of Adrenergic Transmitter and Contractile Response.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- III. Vas Deferens Preparations: Contractions and the Release of Adrenergic Transmitter.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- IV. Perfused Mesenteric Artery of the Rat: Vasoconstrictor Response.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- V. Pithed Rat: Cardiovascular Responses to Sympathetic Activation.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- VI. Anaesthetised Cat: Cardiovascular and Nictitating-Membrane Responses and Reference to Isolated Nictitating-Membrane Preparations.- 1. Methods.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- VII. Nictitating-Membrane Relaxation in Unanaesthetised Cats.- VIII. Ptosis in Mice.- IX. Cardiovascular Studies.- 1. Method.- 2. Evaluation of Drugs.- References.- 5 Catecholamine Receptors on Nerve Terminals.- A. Introduction.- B. Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors on Noradrenergic Nerve Terminals.- I. General Considerations.- II. Effects of Antagonists on Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- 1. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists and Hypertension.- III. Effects of Agonists on Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- IV. Effects of Partial Agonists on Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- V. Characterization of Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- 1. Localization of Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- 2. Mechanisms of Coupling of Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors to Inhibition of Transmitter Release.- 3. Differences Between Prejunctional and Postjunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- VI. Inhibitory Feedback Effects of Transmitter on Prejunctional Alpha-Adrenoceptors.- 1. Normal Noradrenergic Transmission.- 2. Effect of Blockade of Transmitter Reuptake.- 3. Effects of Depletion of Noradrenaline Transmitter Stores.- 4. Effect of False Transmitters.- C. Prejunctional Beta-Adrenoceptors on Noradrenergic Nerve Terminals.- I. Effects of Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists on Noradrenergic Transmission.- II. Effects of Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists on Noradrenergic Transmission.- III. A Facilitatory Feedback Loop Through Prejunctional Beta-Adrenoceptors in Noradrenergic Transmission.- 1. Normal Transmission.- 2. Possible Role of Prejunctional Beta-Adrenoceptors in Hypertension.- D. Prejunctional Dopamine Receptors on Noradrenergic Nerve Endings.- I. Possible Relevance of Prejunctional Dopamine Receptors in Understanding Clinical Phenomena.- E. Catecholamine Receptors on Cholinergic Nerve Terminals.- I. Autonomic Cholinergic Nerve Terminals.- 1. Interaction Between Cholinergic and Adrenergic Nerve Terminals.- II. Autonomic Ganglionic Transmission.- 1. Adrenal Medulla.- F. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Adrenergic Agents, Calcium Ions, and Cyclic Nucleotides in the Control of Cell Proliferation.- A. Introduction.- B. Definitions.- C. Proliferative Activation or Modulation by Catecholamines.- I. Salivary Gland Acinar Cells.- II. Squamous Epithelial Cells.- III. Corneal Epithelium, Duodenum, Kidney, and Prostate.- IV. Bone Marrow Precursor (CFU-S) Cells.- V. Thymic Lymphoblasts.- D. Cyclic Nucleotides in Proliferative Development.- I. Proliferative Activation In Vivo.- II. Proliferative Activation In Vitro.- III. Postactivation Phases In Vivo and In Vitro.- E. Calcium in Cell Proliferation.- F. Possible Interaction Mechanism of Calcium and Cyclic AMP in Proliferative Control.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Effects on the Metabolism.- A. Introduction.- B. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- I. Man.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- II. Baboon and Monkey.- III. Rabbit.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- IV. Rat.- 1. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- V. Mouse.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- VI. Dog.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- VII. Cat.- C. Lipid Metabolism.- I. Human.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists.- 2. Adipose Tissue In Vitro.- II. Baboon.- III. Rabbit.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adipose Tissue In Vitro.- IV. Rat.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- 3. Adipose Tissue In Vitro.- V. Mouse.- VI. Dog.- 1. Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists.- 2. Adipose Tissue In Vitro.- VII. Cat.- D. Summary.- References.- Section II: Effects on the Autonomic and on the Central Nervous System.- A. Presynaptic Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System.- A. Introduction.- B. Early Developments.- C. Effects of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- D. Effects of Adrenoceptor Agonists.- E. Alpha-Receptors on Other Autonomic Nerves and on Adrenal Medullary Cells.- F. The Nature of the Inhibitory Presynaptic Receptor.- G. Mechanism of Alpha-Receptor Mediated Inhibition.- H. Presynaptic Dopamine Receptors.- I. Presynaptic Facilitatory Beta-Receptors.- J. Physiological and Clinical Function of Presynaptic Receptors.- References.- B. Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Central Nervous System.- 1 Regulation of Monoamine Synthesis and Utilization by Receptors.- A. Introduction.- B. Functional Aspects.- I. Noradrenaline Receptors.- II. Dopamine Receptors.- III. 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors.- C. Biochemical Aspects.- I. Noradrenaline.- II. Dopamine.- III. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- D. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Interactions of Opiates and Endorphins With Cerebral Catecholamines.- A. Introduction.- B. Behavioral Studies.- I. Effects of Pharmacological Manipulation of Central Catecholamines on Opiate Action.- 1. Acute Opiate Effects.- 2. Chronic Opiate Effects.- C. Biochemical Studies.- I. Effects of Opiates on the Content and Turnover of Catecholamines In Vivo.- 1. Acute Opiate Administration.- 2. Chronic Opiate Administration.- 3. Withdrawal.- II. Effects of Opiates on Catecholamine Metabolism In Vitro.- 1. Acute Opiate Administration.- 2. Chronic Opiate Administration.- D. Single Neuron and Receptor Studies.- I. Effects of Opiates on Single Neurons in the Striatum.- II. Interactions Between Opiates and Catecholamine-Blocking Drugs at Opiate and Dopamine Receptors.- E. Catecholamines in Endorphin Mechanisms.- I. Behavioral and Biochemical Studies.- II. Morphological Studies.- F. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Behavioural Pharmacology Reflecting Catecholamine Neurotransmission.- A. Outlining the Problem.- B. Establishing a Quantitative Relationship Between Neurotransmission and Behaviour.- I. Behavioural Measurements "Amplify Neuronal Degeneration".- II. Matching Neuronal and Behavioural Supersensitivity.- C. Behavioural Patterns Reflect Neurotransmission in Discrete Systems.- D. A New Approach in Behavioural Pharmacology.- E. Where Does Behavioural Pharmacology Fit In - Some Final Reflections.- References.- 4 Regulation of the Arterial Blood Pressure.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of Centrally Applied Drugs on Arterial Blood Pressure.- I. Brain Stem.- 1. Effects of Adrenoceptor Activators.- 2. Effects of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- 3. Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs.- II. Hypothalamus.- 1. Effects of Adrenoceptor Activators.- 2. Effects of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- 3. Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs.- C. Catecholamine Mechanisms in Experimental Hypertension.- I. Noradrenaline.- II. Adrenaline.- III. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Catecholamines and the Regulation of Body Temperature.- A. Catecholaminergic Thermogenesis: Peripheral Mechanisms.- B. Central Catecholamines and Heat Dissipation.- I. Action of Norepinephrine on the Hypothalamus.- II. Activity of Endogenous Catecholamines.- III. Dopamine and 6-OH-DA.- C. Drugs Affecting Catecholamine Systems.- I. Alterations in 6-OH-DA Hypothermia.- II. Interference With Catecholamine Synthesis and Degradation.- III. Catecholamine Receptor Mechanisms.- D. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Regulation of Food Intake.- A. Introduction.- B. Brain Norepinephrine and Feeding.- I. Intracerebral Norepinephrine Injections.- II. Pharmacological Considerations.- III. Norepinephrine Neuron Destruction: Acute and Chronic Effects.- IV. Measurements of Norepinephrine Content, Turnover, and Efflux in Relation to Feeding.- C. Brain Dopamine-Containing Neurons and Feeding.- I. Damage to Dopamine-Containing Neurons and the Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome.- II. Brain Dopamine-Containing Neurons in Experimental Hyperphagias.- 1. Ventromedial Hypothalamic Hyperphagia.- 2. Electrical Brain Stimulation and Tail Pinch.- References.- 7 Regulation of Water Intake.- A. Introduction.- B. Role of Central Catecholamines in Drinking.- I. Lesion Experiments.- II. Central Application of Sympathomimetic Amines and Their Antagonists.- 1. Noradrenaline.- 2. Isoprenaline.- 3. Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Antagonists.- 4. Dopamine and Dopamine Antagonists.- C. Dipsogenic Effects of Catecholamines Administered into the Peripheral Circulation.- D. Conclusion.- References.- Section III: Effects on the Cardiovascular System.- 1 Effect of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Electrical Activity of the Heart.- A. Introduction.- B. Cardiac Electrophysiologic Effects and Mechanism of Arrhythmogenic and Antiarrhythmic Actions of Adrenergic Activators.- I. Influence of Activation of Adrenergic Receptors of the Heart on the Electrophysiology of the Cardiac Cell.- II. Ionic Basis of the Mechanism of the Cardiac Electrophysiologic Changes Induced by Activation of Adrenergic Receptors of the Heart.- III. Effects of Activation of Adrenergic Receptors on the Major Electrophysiologic Parameters of the Heart in Situ.- 1. Automaticity.- 2. Conduction, Excitability, and Refractoriness.- IV. Arrhythmogenic Effect of Sympathetic Excitation.- V. Arrhythmogenic Action of Adrenergic Activators.- VI. Morphological Basis of Adrenergically Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias.- VII. Importance of the Adrenergic Beta-Receptors of the Heart in the Arrhythmogenic and Other Cardiac Effects of Adrenergic Activation.- VIII. Adrenergically Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias Due to Reentry Mechanism.- IX. Role of Adrenergic Activation in the Mechanism of Arrhythmias Appearing Under Pathologic Conditions.- 1. Importance of Adrenergic Activation in the Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias Due to Hypothermia.- 2. Possible Mechanism of the Enhanced Susceptibility to Fibrillation of the Hypothermic Heart in Situ.- 3. Significance of Adrenergic Activation in the Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias Due to Generalized Hypoxia.- 4. Role of Adrenergic Mechanisms in the Effect of Regional Myocardial Ischemia on the Susceptibility to Arrhythmia of the Heart.- X. Effect of Adrenergic Activators Other Than Natural Catecholamines on Cardiac Electrophysiologic Properties.- C. Cardiac Electrophysiologic Effects and the Mechanism of Antiarrhythmic Action of Adrenergic Inhibitors.- I. Effect on Cardiac Electrical Activity and Antiarrhythmic Properties of Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Substances.- 1. Effect of Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents on the Electrical Activity and Dysrhythmias of the Heart.- 2. Effect of Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Substances on Cardiac Electrophysiology at the Cellular Level as Well as in Heart in Situ.- II. Effect of Adrenergic Nerve-Ending Inhibitors and Neural Transmitter Depleting Agents on Some Electrophysiologic Properties of the Heart and Their Mode of Action in Cardiac Arrhythmias.- References.- 2 Effects of Beta- and Alpha-Adrenoceptor Activators and Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents on the Mechanical Activity of the Heart.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of Beta-Adrenoceptor Activators.- I. Characterization of the Beta-Adrenergic-Mechanical Response.- 1. Time Course of the Beta-Adrenergic Positive Inotropic Effect.- 2. Mechanical Characteristics of Beta-Adrenergic Inotropism.- 3. Calcium Dependence of the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 4. Sodium Dependence of the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 5. Potassium Dependence of the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 6. Temperature Dependence of the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 7. Influence of Acid-Base Changes on the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 8. Frequency Dependence of the Beta-Adrenergic Inotropic Response.- 9. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Agonists on Rested-State Contractions.- 10. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Agonists on Potassium Contractures.- 11. Summary of the Characteristics of the Beta-Adrenergic Mechanical Response.- II. Possible Mechanism(s) of the Positive Inotropic and Relaxant Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation.- 1. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation on Myocardial Calcium Movements.- 2. Beta-Adrenergic Mechanical Effects and C-AMP.- 3. Possible Mechanisms and Sites of Regulatory Effects of C-AMP.- 4. Mechanical Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation and C-GMP.- 5. Summary of the Possible Mechanism(s) of the Positive Inotropic and Relaxant Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation.- C. Effects of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Activators.- I. Do Alpha-Adrenoceptors Mediating Mechanical Responses Exist in Cardiac Muscle?.- II. Mechanical Effects of Phenylephrine.- 1. Characterization of the Adrenoceptors Mediating the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine.- 2. Time Course of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine.- 3. Mechanical Characteristics of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine and Effect on Potassium Contractures.- 4. Frequency Dependence of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine.- 5. Temperature Dependence of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine.- 6. Dependence of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Phenylephrine on Thyroid Hormone.- 7. Positive Chronotropic Effect of Phenylephrine.- III. Positive Inotropic Effects of Methoxamine and Other Alpha-Sympathomimetic Agents.- IV. Possible Mechanism(s) of the Positive Inotropic Effect of Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation.- 1. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation on Myocardial Calcium Movements.- 2. Alpha-Adrenergic Positive Inotropic Effects and C-AMP.- 3. Alpha-Adrenergic Positive Inotropic Effects and C-GMP.- V. Summary and Conclusions on the Mechanical Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation.- D. Effects of Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- E. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Coronary Circulation.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on Coronary Blood Flow.- I. Evidence Supporting Vasoconstriction as the Primary Effect of Noradrenaline on Coronary Vessels.- 1. Experiments Involving Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation.- 2. Local and/or Systemic Administration of Noradrenaline in Conscious Animals.- 3. Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Anaesthetized Animals, Especially After Beta-Adrenoceptor Blockade.- 4. Experiments on Isolated Heart Preparations.- 5. Effects of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline on Isolated Coronary Vessels.- II. Evidence Supporting Vasodilatation as the Primary Effect of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline on Coronary Vessels.- 1. Experiments in Conscious Animals.- 2. Experiments in Anaesthetized Animals.- 3. Isolated Coronary Perfused or Nonworking Heart Preparations.- 4. Isolated Coronary Vessels.- III. Effects of Noradrenaline in Myocardial Ischaemia.- C. Coronary Responses to Other Beta-Adrenoceptor Stimulating Drugs.- I. Isoprenaline.- 1. General Effects.- 2. Effects on the Distribution of Blood Flow in the Left Ventricular Wall.- 3. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- II. Salbutamol.- III. Oxyfedrine.- 1. General Effects.- 2. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- IV. Dopamine.- 1. General Effects.- 2. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- V. Dobutamine.- 1. General Effects.- 2. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- VI. Miscellaneous Drugs.- D. Effects of Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs on Coronary Blood Flow.- I. Dichloroisoprenaline.- II. Pronethalol.- III. Propranolol.- 1. Effects in Anaesthetized Animals.- 2. Possible Mechanisms for the Reduction of Blood Flow.- 3. Effects on the Distribution of Blood Flow Across the Left Ventricular Wall.- 4. Effects in Conscious Dogs and Monkeys.- 5. Effects on Coronary Blood Flow in Man.- 6. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- IV. Practolol.- 1. General Effects.- 2. Effects in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- 3. Use in Analysing the Coronary Vascular Beta-Adrenoceptor Type.- V. Oxprenolol.- VI. Sotalol.- VII. Alprenolol.- VIII. Pindolol.- IX. Timolol.- X. Tolamolol.- XI. Atenolol.- XII. Labetalol.- E. Drugs With Predominantly Alpha-Adrenoceptor Activity and Drugs Acting Indirectly by Release of Neuronal Noradrenaline.- I. General Effects.- II. Effect of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia.- F. Effects of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents on Coronary Blood Flow.- G. Adrenergic Neurone Blockade and the Coronary Circulation.- References.- 4 Effects on Myocardial Metabolism.- A. Action of Adrenergic Agonists.- I. General Aspects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mode of Action.- II. Metabolic Actions of Adrenergic Agonists.- 1. Glycogenolysis/Glycolysis.- 2. Lipolysis.- 3. Adenine Nucleotides.- 4. Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy.- B. Action of Adrenergic Antagonists.- I. Beta-Blocking Agents.- II. Alpha-Blocking Agents.- C. Endogenous Neurotransmitter Depleting and Releasing Agents.- References.- 5 Effects on the General Hemodynamics and Peripheral Circulation.- A. Adrenergic Activators.- I. Introduction.- 1. Historical Aspects.- 2. Division of Vasculature.- II. Adrenaline (Epinephrine).- 1. General Hemodynamics.- 2. Cerebral Circulation.- 3. Renal Circulation.- 4. Splanchnic Circulation.- 5. Circulation of Skeletal Muscles and Skin.- III. Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine).- 1. General Hemodynamics.- 2. Cerebral Circulation.- 3. Renal Circulation.- 4. Splanchnic Circulation.- 5. Circulation of Skeletal Muscles and Skin.- IV. Dopamine.- 1. General Hemodynamics.- 2. Cerebral Circulation.- 3. Renal Circulation.- 4. Splanchnic Circulation.- 5. Circulation of Skeletal Muscles.- 6. Aorta.- V. Isoprenaline.- 1. General Hemodynamics.- 2. Cerebral Circulation.- 3. Renal Circulation.- 4. Splanchnic Circulation.- 5. Circulation of Skeletal Muscles and Skin.- VI. Phenylephrine.- VII. Mephentermine.- VIII. Metaraminol.- IX. Methoxamine.- X. Tyramine.- XI. Amphetamine.- XII. Ephedrine.- XIII. Dobutamine.- XIV. L-Dopa.- XV. Clonidine.- XVI. Effects of Adrenergic Activators on Veins.- B. Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Introduction.- II. Hemodynamic Effects of Acute Administration.- 1. General Hemodynamics.- 2. Cerebral Circulation.- 3. Renal Circulation.- 4. Splanchnic Circulation.- 5. Circulation of Skeletal Muscles and Skin.- 6. Pulmonary Circulation.- 7. Veins.- III. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs on Pressor Responses to Various Adrenergic Agonists and Reflectory Stimuli.- IV. Use of Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents in Cardiovascular Therapeutics.- C. Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Hemodynamic Effects of Acute Administration.- II. Hemodynamic Effects of Subacute and Prolonged Administration in Animals.- III. Hemodynamic Effects of Prolonged Administration in Man.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Hemodynamic Effects of the Antihypertensive Treatment With Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- D. Reserpine.- I. Introduction.- II. Hemodynamic Effects of Acute Administration.- 1. Animals.- 2. Man.- III. Effects on Vasomotor Reflexes.- IV. Effects on Responses to Various Vasoactive Agents.- V. Hemodynamic Effects of Subacute Administration.- VI. Hemodynamic Effects of Chronic Administration.- 1. Animals.- 2. Man.- E. Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents.- I. Hemodynamic Effects of Acute Administration.- II. Hemodynamic Effects of Prolonged Administration in Animals.- III. Hemodynamic Effects of Subacute and Prolonged Administration in Man.- F. Methyldopa.- I. Hemodynamic Effects in Animals.- II. Hemodynamic Effects in Man.- References.- Author Index.
Volume

part 2 : gw ISBN 9783540099109

Table of Contents

of Part II.- Section IV: Effects on Organ Systems Other Than the Nervous and the Cardiovascular System.- 1 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Effects on the Respiratory System.- A. Introduction.- B. Epinephrine: A Unique Example of Direct Activator of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptors.- I. Alpha- and Beta-Receptors in the Respiratory System.- 1. Upper Respiratory Tract.- 2. Lower Respiratory Tract.- 3. Pulmonary Circulation.- 4. Bronchial Circulation.- 5. Ventilation -of Part II.- Section IV: Effects on Organ Systems Other Than the Nervous and the Cardiovascular System.- 1 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Effects on the Respiratory System.- A. Introduction.- B. Epinephrine: A Unique Example of Direct Activator of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptors.- I. Alpha- and Beta-Receptors in the Respiratory System.- 1. Upper Respiratory Tract.- 2. Lower Respiratory Tract.- 3. Pulmonary Circulation.- 4. Bronchial Circulation.- 5. Ventilation - Perfusion Relationship.- II. Antiasthmatic Use and Airway Resistance.- 1. Classic Physiologic Concept.- 2. Recent Biochemical Concepts.- III. Adverse Effects on the Pulmonary Circulation.- 1. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.- 2. Acute Pulmonary Edema.- IV. Tachyphylaxis and Status Asthmaticus.- V. Epinephrine as Neurohumoral Transmitter of the Airways.- C. Direct Activator of Alpha-Receptors.- I. Norepinephrine.- 1. Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Pulmonary Edema.- 2. Uptake of Norepinephrine in the Pulmonary Circulation.- II. Dopamine.- III. Phenylephrine.- IV. Methoxamine.- V. Nasal Decongestants.- D. Direct Activators of Beta-Receptors.- I. Isoproterenol.- 1. Antiasthmatic Use and Airway Resistance.- 2. Paradoxical Bronchospasm.- 3. Pulmonary Vasodilation and Venous Admixture.- 4. Toxicity of Aerosol Propellants.- II. Protokylol.- III. Ethylnorepinephrine.- E. Bronchoselective Beta-Activators.- I. Isoetharine.- II. Metaproterenol.- III. Terbutaline.- 1. Bronchomotor System.- 2. Pulmonary Circulation.- IV. Salbutamol.- V. Carbuterol.- VI. Pirbuterol.- VII. Bronchoselective Drugs Under Clinical Investigation.- 1. Albuterol.- 2. Hexoprenaline.- 3. Ibuterol.- 4. Rimiterol.- 5. Zimterol.- F. Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- I. Ephedrine as an Antiasthmatic Drug.- II. Pseudephedrine and Phenylpropanolamine as Oral-Nasal Decongestants.- III. Mephentermine and Metaraminol as Vasopressor Agents.- IV. Aminorex and Chlorphentermine as Anorexigenics.- G. Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Phenoxybenzamine and Acute Pulmonary Insufficiency.- 1. Correction of Pulmonary Vascular Consequences of Hypoxemia.- 2. Blockade of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction Induced by Catecholamines.- II. Tolazoline and Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension.- III. Phentolamine and Acute Ventricular Failure.- IV. Thymoxamine and Acute Bronchial Asthma.- H. Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Nonselective Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 1. Propranolol.- 2. Sotalol.- 3. Pindolol.- 4. Dichloroisoproterenol.- II. Cardioselective Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 1. Practolol.- 2. Acebutolol.- 3. Atenolol.- 4. Bunitrolol.- I. Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents.- I. Bretylium.- II. Reserpine.- III. Guanethidine.- IV. Methyldopa.- J. Concluding Remarks.- 1. Nasal Congestion and Decongestion.- 2. Bronchial Mucosal Decongestion.- 3. Bronchodilation.- 4. Bronchoconstriction.- 5. Pulmonary Vasodilation.- 6. Pulmonary Vasoconstriction, Congestion, and Edema.- 7. Bronchial Circulation.- References.- 2 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Skeletal Muscles.- A. Introduction.- B. Direct Action on Contractions of Nonfatigued Muscles.- I. Fast-Contracting Muscles.- II. Slow-Contracting Muscles.- III. Other Sympathomimetic Amines and Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- IV. Adrenoceptors.- V. Electrical and Ionic Changes.- 1. Resting Membrane Potential.- 2. Action Potentials.- VI. Effect of Anaesthetic.- VII. Mechanism of Action.- C. Muscle Spindles.- D. Human Muscles.- I. Evoked Contractions.- II. Tremor.- 1. Unwanted Effect of Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators.- 2. Parkinsonian Tremor.- 3. Some Other Types of Tremor.- III. Therapy of Spasticity.- IV. Therapy of Hyperkalaemic Familial Periodic Paralysis.- E. Effects on Chronically Denervated Muscles.- I. Fibrillation.- II. Membrane Potential.- F. Actions on Neuromuscular Transmission.- I. Endplate Potential and Miniature Endplate Potentials.- II. Mechanisms of Action.- G. Effects on Fatigued Muscles.- H. Summary of Effects of Adrenaline.- I. Effects Unrelated to Adrenergic Mechanisms.- I. Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Drugs.- II. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- 1. Plasma Membrane.- 2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- References.- 3 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists: Effects on the Digestive System.- A. Introduction.- B. Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- I. Effect on Motility.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect on Non-Sphincteric Smooth Muscle.- 3. Effect on Sphincteric Smooth Muscle.- 4. Effect on Acetylcholine Release from Enteric Neurones.- 5. Effect on Noradrenaline Release from Adrenergic Neurones.- 6. Mechanism of Action.- II. Effect on Gastro-Intestinal Vasculature.- III. Effect on Gastric and Intestinal Secretion.- 1. Action of Alpha-and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Mechanism of Action.- IV. Effect on Absorption.- V. Summary.- C. Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- IV. Summary.- D. Alpha-and Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Vasculature.- IV. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- 1. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- 2. Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- V. Summary.- E. Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Agents and False Transmitters.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- IV. Summary.- References.- 4 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Endocrine System.- A. Introduction.- B. Embryologic Relationship of the Neural and Endocrine Systems.- C. Role of Catecholamines in Modulating the Function of the Endocrine System.- I. Mediators of Catecholamine-Induced Modulation of the Endocrine System.- II. Adrenergic Drugs Used to Examine Hormone Secretion and Action.- 1. Neutral Amino Acids.- 2. Enzyme Inhibitors.- 3. Inhibitors of Neuronal Uptake.- 4. Receptor Agonists.- 5. Receptor Antagonists.- 6. Neurotoxins.- 7. Inhibitors of Monoamine Storage and Release.- D. Effects of Adrenergic Agents on the Endocrine System in Laboratory Animals and Man.- I. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pituitary.- 1. Anterior Pituitary.- 2. Posterior Pituitary.- II. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pineal.- III. Adrenergic Drugs and the Thyroid and Parathyroid.- 1. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine.- 2. Thyrocalcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone.- IV. Adrenergic Drugs and the Gut.- V. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pancreas.- 1. Insulin.- 2. Glucagon.- 3. Somatostatin.- VI. Adrenergic Drugs and the Kidney.- 1. Renin-Angiotensin.- 2. Erythropoietin.- 3. Prostaglandins.- E. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Effects on the Genital System.- A. Introduction.- B. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Myometrium in Pregnancy.- I. Connection Between the Structure and Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics.- II. Mechanism of Action.- III. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.- C. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Non-Pregnant Uterus.- D. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Fallopian Tubes.- E. Administration of Beta-Sympathomimetic Drugs in Obstetrics.- I. Clinical Studies.- II. Drugs Applied in Clinical Practice.- III. Indications.- IV. Contra-Indications.- V. Methods.- VI. Effectiveness.- F. Maternal Side-Effects of Tocolysis Carried out With Beta-Sympathomimetics.- I. Cardiac Effects.- II. Metabolic Effects.- 1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 2. Lipid Metabolism.- 3. Blood Gases and Acid-Base Balance.- 4. Electrolytes.- 5. Thrombocyte Function.- G. Therapy of the Side-Effects of Beta-Sympathomimetic Treatment.- I. Beta-Receptor Blockers.- II. Calcium Antagonists.- H. Foetal Effects of Tocolysis Carried out With Beta-Sympathomimetics.- I. Diaplacental Penetration.- II. Effect on the Utero-Placental Circulation.- III. Effect on the Foetal Heart.- IV. Myocardium Lesion and Tocolysis.- V. The Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on Foetal Pulmonary Maturation.- VI. Effect on Newborns of Beta-Sympathomimetic Treatment of Pregnant Women.- References.- 6 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on Kidney Function.- A. Introduction.- B. Renal Hemodynamics.- I. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Activators.- 1. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline.- 2. Other Alpha-Adrenergic Activators.- 3. Factors that Influence Renal Hemodynamic Response to Vasoconstrictive Catecholamines.- II. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Inhibitors.- III. Effects of Dopamine.- IV. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Activators.- V. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Inhibitors.- VI. Use of Catecholamines in Renal Angiography.- VII. Conclusion.- C. Renin Release.- I. Evidence for Neural Control of Renin Release.- II. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors.- III. Effects of Dopamine.- IV. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors.- V. Conclusion.- D. Tubular Electrolyte and Water Transport.- I. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Activators.- 1. Evidence for Direct Tubular Effects.- 2. Evidence for Renal Effects Mediated Through Changes in Release of Antidiuretic Hormone.- II. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Inhibitors.- III. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Activators.- IV. Effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Inhibitors.- E. Kidney Intermediary Metabolism.- I. Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on Kidney cAMP Content and Its Relation to Renal Gluconeogenesis.- II. Miscellaneous Effects.- F. Summary of Effects of Catecholamines on Kidney Function.- References.- 7 Effects of the Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Urinary Tract.- A. The Upper Urinary Tract.- I. Morphology of the Upper Urinary Tract.- 1. Anatomy.- 2. Histology.- II. Functional Studies in the Upper Urinary Tract.- 1. Pharmacologic Studies in Isolated Calyx and Renal Pelvis Preparations.- 2. Pharmacologic Studies in Isolated Ureter Preparations.- 3. Pharmacologic Studies in Isolated Pyeloureter Preparations.- 4. In Vivo Studies in the Pyeloureteral System.- B. The Lower Urinary Tract.- I. Morphology of the Lower Urinary Tract.- 1. Anatomy.- 2. Histology.- II. Functional Studies in the Lower Urinary Tract.- 1. Pharmacologic Studies in Isolated Bladder Dome and Body Preparations.- 2. Pharmacologic Studies in Isolated Bladder Neck and Urethra Preparations.- 3. In Vivo Studies in Bladder Dome and Body.- 4. In Vivo Studies in Bladder Neck and Urethra.- References.- 8 Miscellaneous Effects: Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Eye.- A. Introduction.- I. Targets of Adrenergic Agents in the Eye and Its Adnexa.- 1. Adrenergic Effects on Outflow of Aqueous Humor.- 2. Adrenergic Effects on Aqueous Humor Secretion.- 3. Intraocular Smooth Muscles as Targets of Adrenergic Agents.- 4. Retinal Targets of Adrenergic Drugs.- 5. Targets of Adrenergic Agents in the Cornea.- 6. Targets of Adrenergic Agents of the Lens.- 7. Targets of Adrenergic Agents in the Orbita.- II. Adrenergic Interactions Between the Eye and the Organism.- 1. Retinal Light Stimulation and the Circadian Rhythm.- 2. Ocular Targets of Melatonin and of Its Antagonist MSH.- B. Adrenergic Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Activators.- I. Adrenergic Receptors.- II. Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators.- 1. Norepinephrine.- 2. Epinephrine.- 3. Beta-Receptor Stimulators.- 4. Systemic Administration of Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators.- 5. Administration of Catecholamine Precursors.- 6. Factors Determining the Different Effects of Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators in the Eye.- C. Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- I. Agents Increasing the Stores of Transmitters.- II. Agents Inhibiting Re-Uptake into the Storing Vesicles.- III. Simple or Hydroxylated Phenylalkylamines.- IV. Clonidine.- D. Adrenergic Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. General Considerations.- II. Effects of Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents.- III. Effects of Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 1. Synopsis of Their Different Effects.- 2. Betax- and Beta2-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 3. Betax-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 4. Beta2-Receptor Blocking Agents.- IV. Dopaminergic Receptor Blocking Agents.- E. Adrenergic Nerve-End Inhibitors, Neural Transmitter Depleting Agents and False Transmitters.- I. General Considerations.- II. Effects of Adrenergic Nerve-End Inhibitors on the Eye.- III. Effects of Adrenergic Transmitter Depleting Procedures and Agents on the Eye.- IV. False Transmitters.- F. Summary.- References.- 9 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Sweat Glands.- A. Classification of Sweat Glands.- B. Apocrine Glands.- I. Perissodactyla.- 1. Equidae.- 2. Rhinocerotidae.- II. Artiodactyla.- 1. Camelidae.- 2. Bovidae.- 3. Suidae.- III. Carnivora.- 1. Canidae.- IV. Marsupialia.- V. Primates.- 1. Prosimii.- 2. Anthropoidae.- C. Eccrine Glands.- I. Felidae.- II. Muridae.- III. Primates.- 1. Anthropoidae.- D. Pathological Considerations.- E. Conclusion.- References.- Section V: Kinetics, Biotransformation, Toxic Effects and Clinical Implications.- 1 Kinetics and Biotransformation of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Adrenergic Alpha- and Beta-Receptor Activators.- A. Alpha-Receptor Activators.- I. Etilephrine.- 1. Metabolism.- 2. Kinetics.- II. Phenylephrine.- 1. Metabolism.- 2. Kinetics.- B. Beta-Receptor Activators.- I. Isoprenaline.- 1. Biotransformation.- 2. Kinetics.- II. Orciprenaline.- 1. Biotransformation.- 2. Kinetics.- III. Salbutamol.- 1. Biotransformation.- 2. Kinetics -..- IV. Terbutaline.- 1. Biotransformation.- 2. Kinetics.- V. Fenoterol.- 1. Biotransformation.- 2. Kinetics.- References.- 2 Kinetics and Biotransformation of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- A. Tyramine.- I. Introduction.- II. Endogenous Tissue Distribution.- III. Pharmacokinetics.- IV. Biotransformation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Beta-C-Hydroxylation.- 3. Deamination.- 4. Ring-Hydroxylation.- B. Amphetamine and Related Compounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Pharmacokinetics.- 1. Absorption and Distribution.- 2. Excretion.- III. Biotransformation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Aromatic Para-Hydroxylation.- 3. Beta-C-Hydroxylation.- 4. N-Dealkylation and Deamination.- C. Ephedrine and Related Compounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Pharmacokinetics.- 1. Absorption and Tissue Distribution.- 2. Excretion.- III. Biotransformation.- D. Phentermine and Related Compounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Pharmacokinetics.- 1. Absorption and Distribution.- 2. Excretion.- III. Biotransformation.- E. Fenfluramine.- I. Introduction.- II. Pharmacokinetics.- 1. Absorption and Distribution.- 2. Excretion.- III. Biotransformation.- References.- 3 Kinetics and Biotransformation of Adrenergic Inhibitors.- Criteria for Selection of Drugs.- Definitions.- I. Methyldopa.- II. Clonidine.- III. 6-Hydroxydopamine.- IV. Reserpine.- V. Bethanidine.- VI. Debrisoquine.- VII. Guanethidine.- VIII. Guanoxan.- XI. Phenoxybenzamine.- X. Phentolamine.- XI. Prazosin.- XII. Priscoline.- XIII. Labetalol.- Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents.- I. Acebutolol.- II. Alprenolol.- III. Atenolol.- IV. Bufuralol.- V. Bunolol.- VI. Dichloroisoprenaline.- VII. Metoprolol.- VIII. Oxprenolol.- IX. Pindolol.- X. Practolol.- XI. Pronethalol.- XII. Propranolol.- XIII. Sotalol.- XIV. Timolol.- XV. Tolamolol.- XVI. Toliprolol.- Summary.- References.- 4 Toxic Effects of Adrenergic Nerve-End Inhibitors, Neural Transmitter Depleting Agents and False Transmitters.- A. Introduction.- B. Adrenergic Nerve-End Inhibitors.- I. General Toxicity.- II. Cardiovascular System.- III. Respiratory System.- IV. Blood.- V. Liver.- VI. Gastrointestinal System.- VII. Genitourinary System.- VIII. Central Nervous System.- IX. Peripheral Nervous System.- X. Other Adverse Reactions.- XI. Effects on Foetus.- XII. Drug Interactions.- C. Neural Transmitter-Depleting Agents.- I. General Toxicity.- II. Cardiovascular Effects.- III. Respiratory System.- IV. Blood.- V. Liver.- VI. Gastrointestinal System.- VII. Genitourinary System.- VIII. Central Nervous System.- IX. Peripheral Nervous System.- X. Other Adverse Reactions.- XI. Effects on Foetus.- XII. Drug Interactions.- D. False Transmitters.- I. General Effects.- II. Cardiovascular System.- III. Respiratory System.- IV. Blood.- V. Liver.- VI. Gastrointestinal System.- VII. Genitourinary System.- VIII. Central Nervous System.- IX. Peripheral Nervous System.- X. Other Adverse Reactions.- XI. Effects on Foetus.- XII. Drug Interactions.- References.- 5 Clinical Features of Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists.- A. Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- I. Introduction.- II. Mode of Action.- 1. Non-Selective.- 2. Alpha-Selective.- 3. Beta2-Selective.- III. Clinical Uses.- 1. Cardiovascular Medicine.- 2. Obstetric Medicine.- 3. Respiratory Medicine.- 4. Psychiatry.- IV. The Future.- B. Clonidine.- I. Mode of Action.- II. Haemodynamic and Renal Effects.- III. Clinical Use.- IV. Side-Effects.- C. Alpha-Methyldopa.- I. Mode of Action.- II. Cardiovascular Effects.- III. Clinical Use.- IV. Side-Effects.- D. Adrenergic Neuron Inhibiting Drugs (ANIDs).- I. Mode of Action.- II. Haemodynamic Effects.- III. Clinical Use.- IV. Side-Effects and Precautions.- E. Alpha-Receptor Inhibitory Drugs.- I. Hypertension.- II. Heart Failure Following Myocardial Infarction.- III. Asthma.- F. Beta-Adrenergic Inhibitory Drugs.- I. Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mode of Action.- 3. Classification and Clinical Evaluation.- 4. Response of Blood Pressure to Physiological Stimuli During Treatment.- 5. Use in Combination With Other Drugs.- 6. Selection of Patients for Treatment.- 7. Pressure Response.- 8. Conclusion.- II. Angina Pectoris.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mode of Action.- 3. Effect.- 4. Comparison of Adrenergic Blocking Drugs.- 5. Beta-Blocking Drugs and Other Anti-Anginal Agents.- 6. Withdrawal.- 7. Regulation of Dose.- 8. Value.- III. Cardiovascular Disease.- 1. Acute Myocardial Infarction.- 2. Long-Term Cardioprotective Effect.- 3. Vasculoprotective Effect.- 4. Blood.- 5. Arrhythmias.- 6. Congenital Heart Disease.- 7. Fallot's Tetralogy.- 8. Other Cardiovascular Uses.- IV. Hyperthyroidism.- V. Tremor.- VI. Psychotropic Uses.- 1. Anxiety.- 2. Drug Dependence.- 3. Psychosis.- 4. Migraine.- VII. Glaucoma.- VIII. Side-Effects.- IX. Conclusion.- References.- Author Index.

by "Nielsen BookData"

Related Books： 1-1 of 1
Details
Page Top