Advances in nutritional research

The third volume of Advances in Nutritional Research continues the precedent set in previous volumes of providing authoritative reviews on the current state of knowledge with respect to major topics of ongoing nutritional research. This series is designed to be of value to investigators engaged in fundamental research as well as to those involved in its application to problems in human and animal nutrition. This volume contains three chapters on recent developments in research on inorganic elements, including a review, by F. H. Nielsen, of the evidence for a requirement for additional trace elements; a conspectus, by C. E. Casey and K. M. Hambidge, on the occurrence of trace element deficiencies in man; and a description, by M. Janghorbani and V. R. Young, of new methods of assessing the bioavailability of minerals in the diet. There are also three chapters on current topics of lipid research. One (by F. D. Sauer) is devoted to the cardiopathic effects of certain dietary monoenoic fatty acids, another (by C. Galli) to the influence of diet on prostaglandin synthesis, and the third (by H. 0. Bang and J. Dyerberg) to an analysis of the role of the unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids found in marine oils in the prevention of ischemic heart disease.

Table of Contents

1. Lipid Metabolism and Ischemic Heart Disease in Greenland Eskimos.- 2. Trace Element Deficiencies in Man.- 3. Current Concepts of Intravenous Hyperalimentation.- 4. Dietary Influences on Prostaglandin Synthesis.- 5. Stable Isotope Methods for Bioavailability Assessment of Dietary Minerals in Humans.- 6. Evidence of the Essentiality of Arsenic, Nickel, and Vanadium and Their Possible Nutritional Significance.- 7. Protein in the Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Biochemical and Nutritional Considerations.- 8. The Metabolism of Long-Chain Monoenoic Fatty Acids in Heart Muscle and Their Cardiopathogenic Implications.- 9. The Biology of Taurine in Nutrition and Development.- 10. Trichothecene Mycotoxins: Mycology, Chemistry, and Toxicology.

Volume: 4 ISBN 9780306407864

Description

Volume 4 of Advances in Nutritional Research reflects the increased importance that recently has been attached to nutrition in many fields of clinical medicine. This heightened interest in nutrition stems from the demonstration that the intake of specific nutrients may have far-reaching consequences, not only for normal metabolism, but also for metabolic processes affecting clinical or subclinical disease. Conversely, many disease states have been shown to have previously unrecognized effects on nutrient function and metabolism. In addition to topics of obvious relevance to human clinical nutrition, this volume contains chapters dealing with the nutrition of cells grown in culture and of species that may provide insights into nutritional disorders of man. To- gether with its predecessors, Volume 4 provides graduate students and estab- lished investigators with authoritative accounts of the status of research on a range of topics of current interest in experimental and clinical nutrition. vii Contents Chapter 1. Vitamin-Responsive Genetic Abnormalities ...S. Harvey Mudd 1. Introduction...1 2. Historical Perspective ...2 3. Genetic Abnormalities Currently Known to Be Vitamin Responsive. 3 4. Mechanisms Underlying Vitamin Responsiveness...7 4.1. Defects in the Processing of a Vitamin Prior to Its Interaction in Cofactor Form with a Particular Apoenzyme ...7 4.2. Defects in Particular Apoenzymes that Interact with the Cofactor Forms of Vitamins...16 ...

Table of Contents

1. Vitamin-Responsive Genetic Abnormalities.- 2. Vitamin D Binding Proteins.- 3. Vitamin D Compounds in Human and Bovine Milk.- 4. Dietary Protein, Metabolic Acidosis, and Calcium Balance.- 5. The Nutritional Significance, Metabolism, and Function of myo-Inositol and Phosphatidylinositol in Health and Disease.- 6. Neurobiology of Pyridoxine.- 7. Carnitine Biosynthesis: Nutritional Implications.- 8. Insect Nutrition: A Comparative Perspective.- 9. The Nutrient Requirements of Cultured Mammalian Cells.- 10. Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Neonatal Ruminant.

Volume: 5 ISBN 9780306410956

Description

Volume 5 of Advances in Nutritional Research reflects a strong current interest in the relationship between nutrition and disease. The impact of disease on nutritional status is described for hepatic encephalopathy and cancer and for several ailments of hospitalized children. The impact of nutrition on disease is illustrated using the examples of retinol in tumorigenesis, vitamins A and E in inflammatory lung disease, fatty acids in atherogenesis and obesity, and folate in megaloblastic anemia. The contents will be of particular interest to clinicians and to students of nutritional biochemistry. vii Contents Chapter 1. Nutritional Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy ... Robert H. Bower and Josef E. Fischer 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Nature of Hepatic Encephalopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1. The Ammonia Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2. The Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Nutritional Support in Hepatic Insufficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. 1. Therapeutic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Therapeutic Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Experiments in Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Experience with Patients in Hepatic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy........................ 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 2. Cellular Retinol-and Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins... 13 Frank Chytil and David E. Ong 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Cellular Retinol-and Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 2.1. Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Binding Proteins in Cultured Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 4. Binding Proteins in Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Binding Proteins in Experimental Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . 4.2. Binding Proteins in Human Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix x Contents Chapter 3. Nutrition and 3-Methylindole-lnduced Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Volume: 7 ISBN 9780306422133

Description

Volume 7 of Advances in Nutritional Research continues the theme of this series in providing authoritative accounts of the current state of knowledge regarding major topics of research in the nutritional sciences. The topics have been selected for their interest to researchers, students, and teachers in medicine, agriculture, and the various branches of the biological sciences which relate to nutritional health. The authenticity of the accounts is assured by the widely recognized contributions of the authors to research on their respective topics. vii Contents 1 Chapter 1. Food Allergy ........... . David J. Pearson and Alison McKee 1. Introduction............................... 1.1. General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Classification of Adverse Reactions to Foods . . . . . . .. . . 2 1.3. Classification and Time Course of Allergic Reactions . . . .. 4 2. The Atopic Syndrome ......................... 5 2.1. Atopy ............................... 5 2.2. IgE (Reaginic) Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6 . . 3. The Diagnosis of Food Allergy .................... 8 3.1. Provocative Feeding Tests .................... 8 3.2. Skin Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3. Measurement of Specific Antibodies 10 3.3.1. IgE Antibodies ... 10 3.3.2. Non-IgE Antibodies . . . . . 11 3.4. Controversial Techniques . . . . . . 11 3.5. Summary of Diagnostic Procedures .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 12 4. Clinical Food Allergic Syndromes. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13 . 4.1. Classical Reaginic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13 . . 4.1.1. Presenting Complaints .................. 13 4.1.2. Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 13 . . . .

Table of Contents

1. Food Allergy.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Introduction.- 1.2. Classification of Adverse Reactions to Foods.- 1.3. Classification and Time Course of Allergic Reactions.- 2. The Atopic Syndrome.- 2.1. Atopy.- 2.2. IgE (Reaginic) Antibodies.- 3. The Diagnosis of Food Allergy.- 3.1. Provocative Feeding Tests.- 3.2. Skin Tests.- 3.3. Measurement of Specific Antibodies.- 3.3.1. IgE Antibodies.- 3.3.2. Non-IgE Antibodies.- 3.4. Controversial Techniques.- 3.5. Summary of Diagnostic Procedures.- 4. Clinical Food Allergic Syndromes.- 4.1. Classical Reaginic Syndromes.- 4.1.1. Presenting Complaints.- 4.1.2. Frequency.- 4.1.3. Symptom Patterns.- 4.1.4. Time Course of Symptoms.- 4.1.5. Commonly Incriminated Foods.- 4.2. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis).- 4.2.1. Food Hypersensitivity in Eczema.- 4.2.2. Mechanism.- 4.2.3. Influence of Breast-Feeding.- 4.3. Food-Induced Gastroenteropathies.- 4.3.1. Coeliac Disease.- 4.3.2. Milk-Sensitive Enteropathy.- 4.3.3. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis.- 4.4. Other Putative Food-Allergic Disorders.- 4.4.1. Heiner and Sudden Infant Death Syndromes.- 4.4.2. Arthritis.- 4.4.3. Migraine.- 4.4.4. Neurologic and Psychiatric Syndromes.- 5. Anaphylactoid Reactions.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Salicylates, Benzoates, and Azo Dyes.- 5.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Metabisulfites.- 5.4. Histamine and Non-Specific Histamine Release.- 5.5. Alcohol.- References.- 2. The Dietary Management of Diabetes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. How Much Carbohydrate?.- 2.1. Historical.- 2.2. Effects of Fiber and Carbohydrate on Indices of Diabetic Control.- 2.2.1. Experiments Predominantly with Fiber.- 2.2.2. Test Meal Studies.- 2.2.3. Longer Term Studies.- 2.2.4. Experiments Predominantly with Carbohydrate.- 2.2.5. Variations in Quantity.- 2.2.6. Variations in Source.- 2.2.7. Mixed Diet Studies.- 2.3. Mechanisms of Action of Carbohydrate and Fiber.- 3. Cholesterol.- 3.1. Effect of Purified Fiber on Cholesterol Levels.- 3.2. Effect of Carbohydrate and Fiber on Cholesterol Levels.- 3.3. Dietary Effects on HDL Cholesterol.- 4. High Carbohydrate Diet and Triglycerides.- 5. Diabetic Diets - The Patient's Point of View.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 3. Cognitive Effects of Nutritional Deficiency.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Childhood Malnutrition.- 3. Malnutrition in Adulthood.- 4. Vitamin Deficiencies Strongly Associated with Cognitive Impairment.- 4.1. Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia.- 4.2. Niacin, Pellagra, and the Role of Tryptophan.- 4.3. Thiamine.- 5. Vitamin Deficiencies Possibly Associated with Cognitive Impairment.- 5.1. Folate.- 5.2. Vitamin C.- 5.3. Multiple Vitamin Deficiency.- 6. "Pharmaco-Nutrition".- 7. Summary.- 8. Acknowledgement.- References.- 4. Nutritional Assessment of Observed Nutrient Intake: An Interpretation of Recent Requirement Reports.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human Nutrient Requirements: Understanding and Interpretation.- 2.1. The Meaning of Requirement.- 2.2. Variation of Requirements.- 3. Probability Approach to Interpretation of Nutrient Intake.- 4. Interpretation of Energy Intake.- 5. Estimation of Usual Intake.- 5.1. Time Frame of Requirement Estimates.- 5.2. Day-to-Day Variation in Intake: Implications for Design and Interpretation.- 6. Evaluation of Diet Quality: Nutrient Density or Nutrient-Energy Ratios.- 7. Examination of Population Data: Estimation of Prevalence of Inadequacy or Population Risk.- 7.1. Application of Probability Statistics to a Population.- 7.2. Intraindividual Variability in Population Data.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 5. The Role of Ethanol in the Etiology of Primary Liver Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Carcinogenesis Modeling.- 3. Carcinogenicity Initiation.- 4. Drug Metabolism.- 5. Cirrhosis.- 6. DNA Metabolism.- 7. Nutritional Status.- 8. Membrane Stability and Integrity.- 9. Other Mechanisms.- 10. Animal Experimentation.- 11. Conclusion.- 12. Acknowledgement.- References.- 6. Animal Models for the Study of Nutrition and Human Disease: Colon Cancer, Atherosclerosis, and Osteoporosis.- I. Colon Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Induction of Colonic Neoplasms in Animal Models.- 3. Neoplastic Lesions in Man and Animal Models.- 3.1. Aberrant Cell Proliferation as a Predisposing Factor in Colon Carcinogenesis.- 3.2. Pathological Features and Genesis of Carcinoma.- 4. Diet Modulation of Colon Tumorigenesis in Animal Models.- 5. Summary.- 6. Future Perspectives.- II. Atherosclerosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Selection of the Animal Model.- 3. Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism.- 3.1. Cholesterol Synthesis.- 3.2. Catabolism and Excretion of Cholesterol.- 3.2.1. Species-Specific Bile Acid Patterns.- 3.2.2. Influence of Diet on Cholesterol Catabolism.- 4. Plasma Lipoprotein Patterns.- 5. Conclusion.- III. Osteoporosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology of Human Osteoporosis.- 3. Nonhuman Primates.- 4. Dogs.- 5. Cats.- 6. Rodents.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Direct and Indirect Thermogenic Effects of Anorectic Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Direct Thermogenic Action of Anorectic Drugs.- 3. Indirect Thermogenic Action of Anorectic Drugs.- 4. Substrate Cycling as a Possible Mechanism of "Indirect" Thermogenesis.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 8. Role of Fermented Milk Products in Milk Intolerance and Other Clinical Conditions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Milk Intolerance.- 2.1. Prevalence of Lactose Intolerance.- 2.2. Lactose Intolerance and Nutrient Absorption.- 2.3. Role of Fermented Milk Products.- 2.3.1. Lactose Content of Fermented Milk Products.- 2.3.2. Studies on Lactose Digestibility.- 2.4. Other Forms of Milk Intolerance.- 3. Other Diseases.- 3.1. Gastrointestinal Disturbances.- 3.2. Hypercholesterolemia.- 3.3. Other Infectious Diseases.- 3.4. Cancer.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Addendum.- 6. Acknowledgement.- References.- 9. Metabolic Interactions of Selenium with Cadmium, Mercury, and Silver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interaction of Selenium with Cadmium.- 3. Interaction of Selenium with Mercury.- 4. Interaction of Selenium with Silver.- 5. Influence of Metals on Selenium Metabolism.- 6. Some Possible Mechanisms of Interaction.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. Acknowledgement.- References.- 10. Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Newborn: An Update.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Short Bowel Syndrome.- 3. Intractable Diarrhea.- 4. Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- 5. Current Use of TPN.- 6. Establishing Nutrient Intake Requirements.- 7. Determination of Requirements for Specific Nutrients.- 7.1. Zinc and Copper.- 7.2. Lipids and Carnitine.- 7.3. Biotin.- 7.4. Loss of Fat Soluble Vitamins.- 7.5. Iron.- 8. Drug Compatibility and Parenteral Nutrients.- 9. Conclusion.- References.

Volume: 8 ISBN 9780306435126

Description

Volume 8 of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with several topics of prime current interest in nutritional research, including the role of nutrition in hypertension, in the infections associated with protein-energy malnu- trition, and in pathological conditions associated with the generation of oxygen radicals in the tissues, as well as with topics of ongoing interest. Recent research indicates that reduction of obesity, of alcohol intake, and of sodium intake by salt-sensitive individuals, are the most effective non- pharmacological means of reducing high blood pressure. A new approach to therapy for infections caused by protein-energy malnutrition, based on restoration of immunocompetence by administration of thyroid and anti- glucocorticoid hormones, is presented. Current research into the role of nutrition in modulating tissue damage caused by oxygen radicals generated in various pathologies is reviewed. Two* chapters deal with perinatal nutrition, one with the transfer of nutrients across the placenta and the other with the energy requirements of term and preterm infants. Another dicusses methods of assessing the nutritional status of hospitalized patients. vii Contents Chapter 1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta ................................... . Joseph Dands 1. Introduction................................. 1 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology . . . . . . . . . . .* . . 1 . 3. The Perfusion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 . . . . 4. Review of Transfer Experiments .................... 3 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid .................... 3 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . 6 . . . 5. Potentials and Umltations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 9 . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10 . . . . . .

Table of Contents

1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology.- 3. The Perfusion Technique.- 4. Review of Transfer Experiments.- 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid.- 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin.- 5. Potentials and I imitations.- References.- 2. Immunoenhancement in Wasting Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Assessment of Present Information and Proposal of a New Concept.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Supplementation with Single Nutrients.- 2.1. Zinc.- 2.2. Nutrients other than Zinc.- 3. Adoptive Immunotherapy.- 3.1. Transfer Factor.- 3.2. Thymic Hormones and Extracts.- 3.3. Interleukin-1.- 4. Manipulation of Classical Endocrine Hormones: A New Concept.- 4.1. Triiodothyronine.- 4.2. Glucocorticoids.- 5. Immunostimulatory Drugs.- 6. Therapeutic Attempts in Advanced Cancer.- 7. Concluding Remarks. A Conceptual Foundation for Future Research.- 8. Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Obesity and Weight Reduction.- 2.1. Overweight and the Development of Hypertension.- 2.2. Weight Reduction.- 2.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 2.4. Comments.- 3. Alcohol.- 3.1. Population Studies.- 3.2. Mode of Action.- 3.3. Comments.- 4. Sodium.- 4.1. Population Studies.- 4.2. Sodium Restriction.- 4.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 4.4. Comments.- 5. Potassium.- 5.1. Population Studies.- 5.2. Potassium Supplementation.- 5.3. Mode of Action.- 5.4. Comments.- 6. Calcium.- 6.1. Population Studies.- 6.2. Calcium Supplementation.- 6.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 6.4. Comments.- 7. Magnesium.- 8. Dietary Fat.- 8.1. Population Studies.- 8.2. Clinical Trials.- 8.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Changes.- 8.4. Comments.- 9. Vegetarian Diet.- 10. Diet as an Alternative to Drug Treatment.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Energy Metabolism of the Newborn Infant.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Concept of Energy Balance.- 3. The Partition of Energy Intake.- 4. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus and Infant.- 4.1. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus.- 4.2. Energy Expenditure at Birth.- 4.3. Energy Expenditure and its Variables in the Neonate.- 4.3.1. Effect of Body Weight.- 4.3.2. Effect of Postnatal and Gestational Age.- 4.3.3. Effect of Physical Activity and Behavioral State.- 4.3.4. Effect of the Thermal Environment.- 4.3.5. Effects of Feeding and Weight Gain.- 4.3.6. Effect of Body Composition, Health and Oxygenation.- 5. Growth and Energy Storage in the Fetus and Infant.- 6. Dietary Pattern and Energy Intake in Infancy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Nutritional Assessment of the Hospitalized Patient.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Malnutrition.- 3. Parameters of Nutritional Assessment.- 3.1. Anthropometry.- 3.2. Muscle Mass.- 3.3. Body Weight.- 3.4. Protein Mass.- 3.5. Serum Proteins.- 3 6 Immunocompetence.- 4. Prediction of Malnutrition.- 5. Nutritional Intervention.- References.- 6. Nutritional Modulation of Oxygen Radical Pathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Traditional Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 3. Modem Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 4. Radicals of Molecular Oxygen.- 4.1. Superoxide Radicals.- 4.2. Hydroxyl Radicals.- 5. Lipoxy Radicals.- 5.1. PUFA as Precursors.- 5.2. Fate of Dietary Peroxides.- 5.3. Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation in Vivo.- 5.4. Fate of Lipid Peroxides Formed in Vivo.- 5.5. Role of Dietary Lipids.- 6. Vitamin E.- 7. Selenium.- 8. Vitamin C.- 9. Iron.- 9.1. Metabolism.- 9.2. Role in Hydroxyl Radical Generation.- 9.3. Role in Lipid Peroxide Decomposition.- 10. Copper, Zinc and Manganese.- 10.1. Copper.- 10.2. Zinc.- 10.3 Manganese.- 11. Sulfur Amino Acids.- 12. Niacin.- 13. ?-carotene.- 14. Overview.- References.

Volume: 9 ISBN 9780306448935

Description

Nutrition and Osteoporosis: Seeing Through a Glass, Darkly (1 Cor. 13:12) This volume of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with the present state of knowledge relative to the role of nutrition in the etiology of osteoporosis, one of the most serious degenerative diseases in the aging population. As a back drop for subsequent chapters on specific nutrients, Chapter 1 provides a com prehensive account of the gain and loss of bone throughout the life cycle, with emphasis on the architectural changes in later life that predispose to osteoporotic bone fractures. Chapter 2 documents the occurrence of aging bone loss through out human archeological history and Chapter 3 extends this documentation to all non-human vertebrate species so far examined, including primates living in the wild. It is apparent that a progressive loss of bone tissue is a normal accompaniment of aging among higher vertebrates. Whether it is a cause of bone fractures in animals, as it is in humans, is still unknown. It has also been established that there are significant differences in the frequency of osteoporotic fractures among human families, ethnic groups, national populations and diet cultures. Numerous studies have been carried out in an effort to explain these differences, and many of these deal with the possible effect of nutrition. Protracted controversies over the role of nutrition in the etiology of osteoporosis are reflected in the contents of several of the ensuing chapters.

Table of Contents

The Gain and Loss of Bone in the Human Life Cycle
J.F. Aloia. Low Bone Mass in Past and Present Aboriginal Populations
S.K. Pfeiffer, R.A. Lazenby. Bone Loss in Animals
H.H. Draper. The Significance of Habitual Calcium Intake in the Pathogenesis of Peri and Early Postmenopausal Bone Loss
E.C.H. van Beresteijn. Osteoporosis in Japan: Factors Contributing to the Low Incidence of Hip Fracture
T. Fujita. Osteoporosis in Asia-A Nutritional Problem
E.M.C. Lau, J. Woo. Calcium and Osteoporosis? D.M. Hegsted. Ethnic and Genetic Difference in Susceptibility to Osteoporotic Fractures
J.J.B. Anderson, W.S. Pollitzer. Suboptimal Vitamin D Status: A Risk Factor for Osteoporosis? P. Lips. Protein Intake and Calcium Homeostasis
J.E. Kerstetter, L.H. Allen. The Effects of High Phosphorous Intake on Calcium Homeostasis
M.S. Calvo. The Menstrual Cycle: Effects on Bone in Menopausal Women
S.I. Barr, J.C. Prior. Index.

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