Somaclonal variation in crop improvement

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Somaclonal variation in crop improvement

edited by Y.P.S. Bajaj

（Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, v. 11, v. 36）

Springer-Verlag, c1990-c1996

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  • 1 : us
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Includes bibliographical references and index

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

1 : gw ISBN 9783540507857

Description

Genetic erosions in plant cell cultures, especially in chromosome number and ploidy level, have now been known for over 25 years. Until the mid -1970ssuch changes were consideredundesirable and thereforediscarded because the main emphasis wason clonal propagation and genetic stability of cultures. However, since the publication on somaclonal variation by Larkin and Scowcroft (1981) there has been a renewed interest to utilize these in vitro obtained variations for crop improvement. Studies conduc- ted during the last decade have shown that callus cultures, especially on peridical subculturing over an extended period of time, undergo morpho- logical and genetic changes, i. e. polyploidy, aneuploidy, chromosome breakage, deletions, translocations, gene amplification, inversions, muta- tions, etc. In addition, there are changes at the molecular and biochemical levelsincluding changes in the DNA, enzymes,proteins, etc. Suchchanges are now intentionally induced, and useful variants are selected. For instance in agricultural crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco, maize, rice and sugarcane, plants showing tolerance to a number of diseases, viruses, herbicides and salinity, have been isolated in cell cultures. Likewise induction of male sterility in rice, and wheat showing various levels of fer- tility and gliadin, have been developed in vitro. These academic excercises open new avenues for plant breeders and pathologists. Another area of tremendous commercial importance in the pharmaceuti- cal industry is the selection of cell lines showing high levels of medicinal and industrial compounds. Already high shikonin containing somaclones in Lithospermum are being used commercially.

Table of Contents

I.1 Somaclonal Variation - Origin, Induction, Cryopreservation, and Implications in Plant Breeding.- I. 2 Chromosome Variation in Plant Tissue Culture.- I. 3 Genetic Mosaics and Chimeras: Implications in Biotechnology.- I. 4 Genetic Bases of Variation from in Vitro Tissue Culture.- I. 5 Molecular Basis of Somaclonal Variation.- I. 6 Gene Amplification and Related Events.- I. 7 Optical Techniques to Measure Genetic Instability in Cell and Tissue Cultures.- I. 8 Environmentally Induced Variation in Plant DNA and Associated Phenotypic Consequences.- I. 9 Somaclonal Variation for Salt Resistance.- I.10 Somaclonal Variation for Nematode Resistance.- II. 1 Somaclonal Variation in Cereals.- II. 2 Somaclonal Variation in Rice.- II. 3 Somaclonal Variation in Maize.- II. 4 Somaclonal Variation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).- III. 1 Somaclonal Variation in Potato.- III. 2 Somaclonal Variation in Tomato.- III. 3 Somaclonal Variation in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).- III. 4 Somaclonal Variation in Cucurbits.- III. 5 Somaclonal Variation in Sugarbeet.- III. 6 Somaclonal Variation in Chicory.- III. 7 Somaclonal Variation in Strawberry.- III. 8 Somaclonal Variation in Peach.- IV. 1 Somaclonal Variation in Pelargonium.- IV. 2 Somaclonal Variation in Fuchsia.- IV. 3 Somaclonal Variation in Carnations.- IV. 4 Somaclonal Variation in Haworthia.- IV. 5 In Vitro Variation in Weigela.- IV. 6 Somaclonal Variation in Nicotiana sylvestris.- VI. 7 Somaclonal Variation in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).
Volume

2 ISBN 9783540605492

Description

In continuation of Somaclonal Variation and Crop Improvement I (1990), this volume is comprised of twenty-four chapters dealing with somaclonal variants showing resistance to salt drought, herbicides, viruses, Alternaria, Fusarium, Glomerella, Verticillium, Phytophthora, fall armyworm, etc. in a number of plants of economic importance. It is divided into two sections: Section I. Somaclonal Variation in Agricultural Crops: wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, potato, tomato, Lotus, Stylosanthes, banana, strawberry, citrus, colt cherry. Section II. Somaclonal Variation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Atropa, Carthamus, Hypericum, Lavatera, Nicotiana, Primula, Rauwolfia, scilla, and Zinnia.

Table of Contents

Section I Somaclonal Variation in Agricultural Crops - Cereals, Potato, Fruits, Legumes.- 1.1 In Vitro Production of Fusarium-Resistant Wheat Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Review of In Vitro Studies.- 3 Induced or Noninduced Somaclonal Variation for Fusarium Resistance?.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 1.2 In Vitro Production of Male Sterile Rice Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sterile Mutants from Somaclones in Rice.- 3 A Male Sterile Line, 54257/162-5, from Somaclones.- 4 Origin of the Maintainer, Somaclone 162-5.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.3 Release of the Rice Variety Dama Developed by Haploid Somaclone Breeding.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somaclonal Breeding.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.4 Somaclonal Variation for Fusarium Tolerance in Maize.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Brief Review of Fusarium Studies on Maize.- 3 Somaclonal Variation for Fusarium moniliforme Tolerance in Maize.- 4 Summary.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 1.5 In Vitro Production of Fall Army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)-Resistant Maize and Sorghum Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Establishment of In Vitro Systems.- 3 In Vitro Studies on Fall Armyworm Resistance.- 4 Release and Registration of In Vitro-Derived Resistant Plants of Maize and Sorghum.- 5 Summary.- References.- 1.6 Somaclonal Variation in Sorghum.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary.- References.- 1.7 In Vitro Production of Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)-Resistant Potato Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Phytophthora infestans.- 3 Conventional Breeding for Foliar Late Blight Resistance.- 4 In Vitro Induction of Resistance to Late Blight.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.8 In Vitro Production of Verticillium dahliae-Resistant Potato Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Brief Review of Verticillium Resistance Studies on Potato.- 3 In Vitro Production of Plants Resistant to Verticillium.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 1.9 Somaclonal Variation for Salt Tolerance in Tomato and Potato.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Common Attributes of Tomato and Potato Plants.- 3 Regeneration Capability and Somaclonal Variation.- 4 The Phenomenon of Epigenetic Adaptation.- 5 Do the Mechanisms of Tolerance Operating in Cultured Cells Correlate with Those of the Whole Plant?.- 6 In Vitro Selection and Regeneration of Salt-Tolerant Plants.- 7 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.10 Somaclonal Variation in Lotus corniculatus L. (Birdsfoot Trefoil).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 1.11 Somaclonal Variation in Stylosanthes Species.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Tissue Culture and Regeneration Techniques.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Attempts to Improve Disease Resistance Via In Vitro Selection.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- 6 Protocol for Regeneration of Stylosanthes Callus Cultures.- References.- 1.12 Somaclonal Variation in Banana and Plantain (Musa Species).- 1 General Account.- 2 In Vitro Regeneration and Somaclonal Variation.- 3 Factors Affecting Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Detection of Somaclonal Variation.- 5 Somaclonal Variation and Banana Improvement.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.13 Somaclonal Variation for Resistance to Fusariumand Glomerella-Caused Diseases in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Brief Review of Somaclonal Studies on Strawberry.- 3 Somaclonal Variation for Disease Resistance.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 1.14 In Vitro Selection for Salt Tolerance in Citrus Rootstocks.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture in Citrus.- 3 Somaclonal Variation and In Vitro Selection.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 1.15 In Vitro Selection for Salt/Drought Tolerance in Colt Cherry (Prunus avium x pseudocerasus).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Studies for Salt Tolerance.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- Section II Somaclonal Variation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.- II. 1 In Vitro Induction of Herbicide Resistance in Atropa belladonna.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somaclonal Variation and Genetic Engineering in Atropa.- 3 Herbicide Resistance.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 11.2 In Vitro Induction of Resistance to Alternaria Leaf Blight Disease in Carthamus tinctorius L.(Safflower).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Tissue Culture Studies on Safflower.- 3 Introduction of Resistance to Alternaria carthami.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11.3 Somaclonal Variation in Hypericum perforatum (St.John's Wort).- 1 General Account.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 11.4 Somaclonal Variation in Lavatera Species.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11.5 Tobacco Somaclones Resistant to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somaclone Regeneration and Testing for Resistance.- 3 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Resistance in Tobacco Somaclones.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11.6 Somaclonal Variation in Primula.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 11.7 Somaclonal Variation in Rauwolfia.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11.8 Somaclonal Variation in Scilla scilloides Complex.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture and Plant Regeneration.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- 11.9 Somaclonal Variation in Zinnia.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.

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