Peerless science : peer review and U.S. science policy

著者

書誌事項

Peerless science : peer review and U.S. science policy

Daryl E. Chubin and Edward J. Hackett

（SUNY series in science, technology, and society / Sal Restivo and Jennifer L. Croissant, editors）

State University of New York Press, c1990

  • : pbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. [221]-254) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

This book examines the structure and operation of peer review as a family of quality control mechanisms and looks at the burdens placed on the various forms of peer review. Assuming that peer review is central to the functioning of U.S. science policy, Chubin and Hackett explore the symbolic and practical value of peer review in the making, implementing, and analysis of this policy.

目次

Preface and Acknowledgments 1. The Centrality of Peer Review What Is "Peer Review"? Symbolism and Chauvinism Approach to a Dialogue Five Axioms about the Culture of Science The Policy Context Studying Grants Peer Review Summary: A Study of Policy and Practice 2. Peer Review in Theory and Practice Peer Review: Origins and Current Practices Peer Review at the National Institutes of Health Peer Review at the National Science Foundation Trends in Proposal Volume and Award Rates Criticisms of Peer Review: More Than Sour Grapes Rustum Roy's Critique Roy Redux Criteria for Evaluating Peer Review Conclusions 3. Funding Success and Failure Entering the Black Box Agency-Sponsored Studies Agency-Funded Studies Independent Studies Litigation and Science: The Story of a Social Survey Obtaining the Sample of Scientists The Appeal Lessons from Litigation Empirical Studies of Grants Peer Review Surveys of Scientists Success in the Pursuit of Research Support The Consequences of Failure Attitudes toward Peer Review Competition for Research Support Upward Creep and Resubmission: A Protracted Process Anomie and Reform Inferences: Peer Review and Conflicts of Interest Conclusions 4. Peer Review and the Printed Word The Purposes of Scientific Publication and Journal Peer Review New Burdens "Truth" as Consequence Principles and Practices: The Tensions of Peer Review Journal Practices Studies of Journal Peer Review The Dangers of Studying Journal Practices What the Studies Tell Us An Analysis of Referee Commentary A Sample of Referee-Editor Discourse The Rhetoric of Referees Toward a Theory of Refereeing Vignette" The Sanctity of Journal Peer Review and a Conspiracy of Ignorance Sober Considerations Conclusions 5. Scientific Malpractice and the Politics of Knowledge Malpractice Defined Can Peer Review Help? The Emergence of Public Science Malpractice as a Grappling with Norms Fraud in Research: The Social Structure of Scapegoating Misconduct and Public Science The Mainstreaming of Dispute Out of the Nursery, Into the Night Earmarking and the Pork Barrel Autonomy, Accountability, and the Politics That Intervene 6. Augmenting Peer Review: The Place of Research Evaluation Bibliometrics as Research Evaluation: The Promise The First Generation of Bibliometrics (1961-1974) The Second Generation (1975-Present) Lessons Learned Lessons Applied Evaluative Bibliometrics and Beyond Converging Partial Indicators Qualitative Scientometrics Challenges and New Directions Science Push-Application Pull Broker Roles Conclusions 7. Peer Review and Unauthorized Science Policy Impediments and Nagging Issues Reforming Peer Review: Slouching Toward Iconoclasm Modest Improvements at the Margin Changing Roles and Rules Toward a Process of Reform Meta-Analysis, The Science Critic, and Science Policy The Science Critic in Action Policy Research and the Public Interest Science Policy and the Flywheel of Peer Review Inventing Tools for Perception and Foresight Appendix: Survey of NCI Applicants Notes Glossary Index

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