CiNii Books - The laws of Manu : with an introduction and notes

The Laws of Manu form a towering work of Hindu philosophy. Composed by many Brahmin priests, this is an extraordinary, encyclopaedic representation of human life in the world, and how it should be lived. Manu encompasses topics as wide-ranging as the social obligations and duties of the various castes, the proper way for a righteous king to rule and to punish transgressors, relations between men and women, birth, death, taxes, karma, rebirth and ritual practices. First translated into English in 1794, its influence spread from Nietzsche to the British Raj, and although often misinterpreted, it remains an essential work for understanding India today.

Table of Contents

The Laws of ManuAcknowledgments INTRODUCTION Part I: The History of the Text 1. The Importance of The Laws of Manu 2. The History of the Text in Europe: the British and Nietzsche 3. The Vedic Background: Food and Eaters 4. The Revaluation of All Values: Violence and Vegetarianism 5. The Authority of the Beda in Manu Part II: The Structure and Meaning of the Text 1. The Coherence of Manu 2. Law in Extremity 3. Contradictions in Manu 4. "Between the idea/And the reality" Part III: The Translation 1. Why Buhler is Not Good Enough 2. The Continuous Narrative 3. Translating Against the Commentaries 4. The Text and the Critical Apparatus THE LAWS OF MANU Chapter I Verses 1-4
Introducction
5-20 Creation of the Universe
21-30 Creation of Innate Activities
31-5 Creation of the Social Order
36-50 Creation of Creatures
51-7 Brahma Sleeps and Wakes
58-63 The Teaching of the Manus
64-7 Time
68-74 The Ages
75-8 Creation of the Elements
79-86 The Ages
87-91 Duties of the Social Classes
92-101 Pre-eminence of Priests
102-10 Fruits of this Teaching
111-19 Contents of This Teaching Chapter 2 1-5 The Value of Desire
6-16 Canon and Tradition
17-24 The Sacred Geography of India
25-9 The Transformative Rituals
30-35 The Name-giving
36-49 Initiation
41-7 The Period of Vedic Study
48-51 The Student's Begging
52-7 The Student's Eating
58-65 Washing
66-7 Transformative Ceremonies for Women
68-73 Vedic Recitation
74-87 "Om" and the Verse to the Sun-god
88-100 Controlling the Sensory Powers
101-4 Chanting the Verse to the Sun-god
105-7 Reciting the Veda
108-16 People to whom the Veda Should and Should Not Be Taught
117-33 Greeting People
134-9 Showing Respect
140-43 Teachers and Priests
144-53 The Teacher and the Parents
154-8 Seniority by Knowledge of the Veda
159-63 Modest Behaviour
164-7 Inner Heat and Veda Study
168-72 Initiation as Birth
173-93 Proper Conduct for the Student
194-206 Reverence to the Guru
207-9 Reverence to the Guru's Son
210-17 Caution with the Guru's Wife
218-24 More Proper Conduct for the Student
225-37 The Guru and the Parents
238-42 People from whom One May Learn the Veda
243-9 The Perpetual Student Chapter 3 1-3 Entering the Householder Stage
4-7 Choosing a Wife
8-11 Qualities to Avoid in a Wife
12-19 Wives of Various Classes
20-35 The Eight Forms of Marraige
36-44 Results of Good and Bad Marriages
45-50 Begetting Children
51-4 Against the Bride-price
55-63 The Importance of Treating Women Well
64-6 The Importance of Vedic Verses
67-74 The Five Great Sacrifices
75-9 The Importance of the Householder
80-83 Duties of the Householder
84-6 Offerings to the Gods
87-93 Propitiatory Offerings
94-8 Giving Alms
99-115 Treatment of Guests
116-18 Eating Leftovers
119-21 The Honey-mixture
122-3 The Ceremony for the Dead
124-37 People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead
138-44 People Not to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead
145-9 More People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead
150-68 More People Not to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead
169-75 Types of Adulterers Not to Invite
176-82 People who Should Not Be at the Ceremony for the Dead
183-6 Still More People to Invite to the Ceremony for the Dead
187-90 The Invitation to the Ceremony for the Dead
191-200 Ancestors of the Ancestors
201-5 The Ritual to the Gods
206-10 Preparing the Ceremony for the Dead
211-13 The Ritual to the Gods
214-23 The Ceremony for the Dead
224-30 The Meal
231-5 The Entertainment
236-42 Potential Pollutions at the Meal
243-8 Feeding Uninvited Guests
249-50 More Potential Pollutions at the Meal
251-9 The End of the Ceremony
260-65 Disposing of Leftovers
266-72 Benefits of Offering Various Foods
273-82 Auspicious Days for the Ceremony
283-6 Fruits of the Ceremony Chapter 4 1-12 Occupations for the Householder
13-20 The Behaviour of the Householder
21-4 Interior Sacrifices
25-8 The Sacrifices of the Householder
29-39 The Behaviour of the Householder
40-44 Women that a Householder Should Avoid
45-52 A Householder's Excretions
53-81 General Comportment of a Householder
84-91 Hells for those who Accept Gifts from Bad Kings
92-8 Daily Rituals
99-127 Occasions when the Veda Should Not Be Recited
128-44 Miscellaneous Prohibitions for a Vedic Graduate
145-9 Veda Recitation
150-64 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate
165-9 Prohibitions against Harming Priests
170-74 Avoiding Irreligion
175-85 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate
186-91 Accepting Gifts
192-200 Hypocrites
201-4 General Comportment of a Vedic Graduate
205-23 People whose Food One Should Not Eat
224-8 Generosity
229-37 Rewards for Giving Specific Gifts
238-46 Rewards for Religious Merit after Death
247-56 Gifts that may be Accepted
257-60 The Meditation of a Vedic Graduate Chapter 5 1-4 Fatal Flaws
5-10 Forbidden Foods
11-18 Forbidden Birds, Fish and Animals
19-21 Restorations for Eating Forbidden Foods
22-5 Food that May be Eaten
26-44 Meat that May Be Eaten
46-56 Advantages of Not Eating Meat
57-66 Pollution after Deaths and Births
67-73 Pollution after the Death of Children and Women
74-8 Pollution after a Death at a Distance
79-84 Pollution after Other Deaths
85-92 Other Pollutions
93-9 The Purification of Kings
100-104 The Death of a Distant Relative
105-9 Sources of Purification
110-14 Purification of Metals
15-26 Purification of Various Objects
127-31 Things that Are Always Clean
132-45 Purification of the Polluted Body
146-51 The Dependence of Women
152-60 Obedience to the Husband
161-4 Consequences, for Unfaithful Women
165-9 The Death of a Wife Chapter 6 1-4 The Forest-dweller's Departure
5-11 The Forest-dweller's Rituals
12-21 The Forest-dweller's Food
22-30 The Forest-dweller's Inner Heat
31-2 The Forest-dweller's Death
33-41 The Ascetic's Departure
42-9 The Ascetic's Behaviour
50-60 The Ascetic's Begging
61-5 The Ascetic's Meditation on Transmigration
66-72 The Ascetic's Duty and Breath-suppression
73-5 The Ascetic's Meditation on Transmigration
76-81 The Ascetic's Death
82-5 The Ascetic's Veda
86-90 Householder Ascetics
91-4 The Ten-fold Duty
95-7 Householder Renouncers Chapter 7 1-8 The King as Incarnation of the Gods
9-13 The Anger of the King
14-19 The Rod of Punishment
20-31 Incorrect and Correct Punishment
32-5 The Good King
36-42 The Humility of the King
44-53 The Eighteen Vices
54-62 Ministers
63-8 The Ambassador
69-77 Fortifications
78-81 Other Officials
82-6 Giving Gifts to Priests
87-98 Warfare
99-101 Four Ways of Accomplishing Goals
102-6 Readiness
107-9 The Four Expedients
110-13 Guarding the Kingdom
114-19 The Appointment of Officials
120-24 Guarding against Corruption
124-32 Wages and Taxation
133-6 Protecting Learned Priests
137-40 Tax Exemptions for the Poor
141-4 Protecting the Subjects
145-53 The King's Day
154-8 The Circle of Enemies and Allies
159-76 The Six Tactics
177-80 The Essence of Political Policy
181-8 Marching
189-94 Deploying Troops
195-7 Laying Siege
198-200 The Four Expedients
201-11 Behaviour in Victory
212-15 Behaviour in Extremity
216-20 The King's Food and Poision
221-6 The King's Relaxations Chapter 8 1-3 The King as Judge
4-7 The Eighteen Causes of Legal Action
8-11 The Judges
12-22 The Dangers of Injustice
23-6 Investigative Techniques
27-9 The Property of Women and Children
30-34 Property Lost and Found
35-9 Treasure Trove
40-46 General Principles of Law
47-51 Debtors and Creditors
52-60 Debtors who Violate Court Procedures
61-78 Witnesses in Cases of Debt
79-88 Charging the Witnesses
89-101 Consequences of Giving False Evidence
103-8 Reasons and Redemptions for Giving False Evidence
109-16 Oaths and Ordeals
117-23 Punishments for Giving False Evidence
124-30 Forms of Punishment
131-9 The Measurements of Fines
140-62 Interest Rates, Loans, and Pledges
163-8 Contracts
169-75 The King's Behaviour
176-8 Debts
179-96 Deposits
197-202 Sale without Ownership
203-5 Bride-price
206-13 Sacrificial Gifts to Officiating Priests
214-17 Failure to Pay Wages
218-23 Breach of Contract
224-9 Flawed and Invalid Weddings
230-36 Responsibilities of Herdsmen
237-44 Damage Done by Livestock
245-66 Boundary Disputes
267-78 Verbal Assault
279-87 Physical Assault
288-9 Damage to Property
290-98 Traffic Accidents
299-300 Corporal Punishment
301-9 The King's Right to Tax
310-13 The King's Duty to Punish
314-18 The Punishment of Thieves by the King
319-38 Punishments for Various Thefts
339-43 Permissible Thefts
344-51 Acts of Violence
352-63 Sexual Misconduct
364-8 The Corruption of Maidens
369-70 Lesbianism
371-3 Adultery
374-8 Punishments for Inter-class Sexuality
379-81 Priests Exempt from Capital Punishment
382-5 More Punishments for Inter-class Sexuality
386-97 Miscellaneous Rules
398-403 Duties and Fixed Prices
404-9 Ferry-fares and Boat-fares
410-20 The Work of Commoners and Servants Chapter 9 1-4 The Dependence of Women
5-18 Why Women Should Be Guarded
19-21 Restorations for Women's Errors
22-5 The Dependence of Women on Husbands
26-30 The Importance of Women
31-40 The Son Born in the Husband's Field
41-55 The Danger of Sowing in Another Man's Field
56-70 Producing Male Heirs by Appointment
71-3 Rejection of a Bride
74-9 Separation from or Hatred of a Husband
80-84 Rejection of a Wife
85-7 Wives of Various Classes
88-92 The Father's Duty to Give his Daughter
93-100 Against the Bride-price
101-2 Fidelity: Marriage in a Nutshell
103-10 Inheritance of the Eldest Son
111-19 Inheritance of the Other Sons and Daughters
120-21 Inheritance of the Son Born in the Field
122-6 Inheritance of Sons of Various Wives
127-36 Inheritance through Appointed Daughters
137-9 Salvation through Sons
140-2 Sons' Roles in the Funeral Ritual
143-7 Disinheritance of Sons of Appointed Daughters
148-57 Inheritance of Sons of Wives of Various Classes
158-81 Twelve Kinds of Sons
182-91 Miscellaneous Heirs
192-200 Inheritance of the Mother's Estate
201-6 Inheritance of Defective Sons and Educated Sons
207-19 Inheritance of Divided and United Brothers
220-28 The Evils of Gambling
229-34 Miscellaneous Punishments Inflicted by the King
235-42 Punishments by the King for Major Crimes
243-7 Fines Not to Revert to the King
248-9 Corporal and Capital Punishment by the King
250-55 Duties of a King
256-71 Detection and Punishment of Thieves
272-93 More Miscellaneous Punishments by the King
294-297 The Elements of the Kingdom
298-302 The King's Behaviour, like the Ages
303-12 The King's Behaviour, like the Gods'
313-25 The King's Deference to Priests
326-36 The Duties of Commoners and Servants Chapter 10 1-4 The Four Classes
5-10 Sons and Outcasts Born "with-the-grain"
11-19 Outcasts Born "against-the-grain"
20-23 Outlaws and their Offspring
24-31 Excluded Classes Born "against-the-grain"
32-40 The Offspring of Excluded Classes and Aliens
41-4 Risen and Fallen Degraded Castes
45-9 The Occupations of Aliens and Outcasts
50-56 The Treatment of Outcasts
57-61 The Character and Behaviour of Outcasts
62-8 Rising in Caste through Virtue
69-73 The Seed and the Field
74-80 The Occupations of the Twice-born
81-94 Priests Living as Rulers or Commoners
95-100 Rulers, Commoners, and Servants Living as Other Classes
101-4 Priests in Adversity
105-8 Famous Priests in Adversity
109-17 Three Courses and Seven Ways for Priests in Adversity
118-20 Rulers in Extremity
121-5 Servants in Adversity
126-31 The Duties of Servants Chapter 11 1-4 Vedic Graduates who Beg
5-10 Supporting Dependants
11-26 Obtaining Sacrificial Materials from Others
27-30 Sacrificing in Extremity
31-5 The Priest's Right to Punish
36-43 People who Should Not Give the Daily Fire Sacrifice
44-7 Restorations
48-54 Physical Results of Unrestored Crimes
55-9 The Major Crimes
60-67 The Minor Crimes
68-71 Crimes that Cause Loss of Caste
72-90 Restorations for Killing a Priest
91-8 Restorations for Drinking Liquor
99-102 Restorations for Stealing Gold
103-7 Restorations for Killing a Cow
118-24 Restorations for Shedding Semen
125-6 Restorations for Loss of Caste
127-31 Restorations for Killing People other than Priests
132-46 Resorations for Killing Animals
147-50 Restorations for Drinking Intoxicating Drinks
151-61 Restorations for Eating Forbidden Foods
162-9 Restorations for Theft
170-79 Restorations for Having Sex with Forbidden Women
180-91 Restorations for Associating with Fallen Men
192-7 Reentering the Community
198-204 Miscellaneous Restorations
205-10 Restorations for Insulting Priests
211-20 Descriptions of Vows of Restoration
221-6 General Restorations
227-33 Remorse
234-45 Inner Heat as Restoration
246-8 Veda as Restoration
249-61 Particular Vedic Verses as Restorations
262-6 Veda as Restoration Chapter 12 1-2 The Fruits of Actions
3-11 Acts of Mind, Speech, and Body
12-15 The Knower of the Field
16-23 Construction of the Body for Hell
24-38 The Three Qualities of the Self
39-53 Transmigrations according to Qualities
54-72 Transmigrations according to Crimes
73-81 The Torments of Hells and Transmigrations
82-5 Acts that Bring about the Supreme Good
86-90 Vedic Activity
91-3 Knowledge of the Self
94-106 The Value of Knowing the Veda
107-15 Authorities and Legal Assemblies
116-26 Meditation on the Self Bibliography Index and Glossary

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The laws of Manu : with an introduction and notes

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