CiNii Books - Horticultural reviews

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers. All contributions are anonymously reviewed and edited by Professor Jules Janick of Purdue University, USA, and published in the form of one or two volumes per year. Recently published articles include: Artificial Pollination in Tree Crop Production (v34) Cider Apples and Cider-Making Techniques in Europe and North America (v34) Garlic: Botany and Horticulture (v33) Controlling Biotic Factors That Cause Postharvest Losses of Fresh Market Tomatoes (v33) Taxus spp.: Botany, Horticulture, and Source of Anti-Cancer Compounds (v32) The Invasive Plant Debate: A Horticultural Perspective (v32)

Contributors. Dedication: Yozef Mizrahi (Inez Mureinik) 1. Iconography and History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century (Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, and Jules Janick) 2. The Fig: Botany, Horticulture, and Breeding (Moshe A. Flaishman, Victor Rodov, and Ed Stover) 3. Almond Quality: A Breeding Perspective (R. Socias i Company, O. Kodad, J.M. Alonso, and T.M. Gradziel) 4. Artificial Pollination in Tree Crop Production (Virginia Pinillos and Julian Cuevas) 5. Diagnosis and Remediation of Nutrient Constraints in Citrus (A.K. Srivastava, Shyam Singh, and L.G. Albrigo) 6. Cider Apples and Cider-Making Techniques in Europe and North America (Ian A. Merwin, Sarah Valois, and Olga I. Padilla-Zakour) 7. In Vitro Storage Organ Formation of Ornamental Geophytes (Glendon D. Ascough, Johannes van Staden, and John E. Erwin) 8. Salix: Botany and Global Horticulture (Yulia A. Kuzovkina, Martin Weih, Marta Abalos Romero, John Charles, Sarah Hust, Ian McIvor, Angelas Karp, Sviatlana Trybush, Michel Labrecque, Traian I. Teodorescu, Naresh B. Singh, Lawrence B. Smart, and Timothy A. Volk) Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers. All contributions are anonymously reviewed and edited by Professor Jules Janick of Purdue University, USA, and published in the form of one or two volumes per year. Recently published articles include: Artificial Pollination in Tree Crop Production (v34) Cider Apples and Cider-Making Techniques in Europe and North America (v34) Garlic: Botany and Horticulture (v33) Controlling Biotic Factors That Cause Postharvest Losses of Fresh Market Tomatoes (v33) Taxus spp.: Botany, Horticulture, and Source of Anti-Cancer Compounds (v32) The Invasive Plant Debate: A Horticultural Perspective (v32)

Contributors. Dedication. 1. Genetic Resources and Domestication of Macadamia (Craig M. Hardner, Cameron Peace, Andrew J. Lowe, Jodi Neal, Phillip Pisanu, Michael Powell, Adele Schmidt, Chris Spain, and Kristen Williams). I. Introduction. II. Wild Genetic Resources. III. Germplasm Domestication. IV. Genetics of Key Scion Selection Traits. V. Propagation and Rootstock Traits. VI. Cultivar Utilization. VII. Summary. VIII. Acknowledgments. IX. Literature Cited. 2. Pomegranate: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding (D. Holland, K. Hatib, and I. Bar-Ya'akov). I. Introduction. II. Taxonomy and Morphology. III. Origin and Genetic Resources. IV. Horticulture. V. Breeding. VI. Health Benefits. VII. Concluding Remarks. VIII. Acknowledgments. IX. Literature Cited. 3. Daylily: Botany, Propagation, Breeding (Surinder K. Gulia, Bharat P. Singh, Johnny Carter, and Robert J. Griesbach). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Anatomy and Physiology. IV. Horticulture. V. Genetics. VI. Conclusion. VII. Literature Cited. 4. Horseradish: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding (Ashraf Shehata, Richard M.S. Mulwa, Mohammad Babadoost, Mark Uchanski, Margaret A. Norton, Robert Skirvin, and S. Alan Walters). I. Introduction. II. History. III. Botany. IV. Horticulture. V. Breeding. VI. Literature Cited. 5. 1-Methylcyclopropene: Mode of Action and Relevance in Postharvest Horticulture Research (Wendy C. Schotsmans, Robert K. Prange, and Brad M. Binder). I. Introduction. II. Ethylene Response Pathway. III. Physiological Processes Affected. IV. Side Effects. V. Summary and Future Research Needs. VI. Acknowledgments. VII. Literature Cited. 6. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Cucurbits (Steven A. Sargent and Donald N. Maynard). I. Introduction. II. Crops. III. Conclusions. IV. Literature Cited. 7. Physiological Disorders of Grape: Bunch Stem Necrosis and Early Bunch Stem Necrosis (Andrea H. Pickering, Ian J. Warrington, and David J. Woolley). I. Introduction. II. Physiology of Berry Growth and Development. III. Bunch Stem Necrosis. IV. Early Bunch Stem Necrosis. V. Summary and Conclusions. VI. Literature Cited. 8. Plug Transplant Technology (Daniel J. Cantliffe). I. Introduction. II. Importance of the Plug Industry. III. Plug Production Technology. IV. Organic Plug Production. V. Postharvest Handling of Plugs. VI. Associated Production Techniques. VII. Mechanization. VIII. Conclusions and Prospects. IX. Literature Cited. 9. A History of Grafting (Ken Mudge, Jules Janick, Steven Scofield, and Eliezer E. Goldschmidt). I. Introduction. II. Natural Grafting. III. Historical Evidence. IV. History of Clonal Rootstocks. V. Graft Hybrids. VI. Conclusion. VII. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors. Dedication: Donald N. Maynard (Allen V. Barker). 1. The Global Flower Bulb Industry: Production, Utilization, Research (Maarten Benschop, Rina Kamenetsky, Marcel Le Nard, Hiroshi Okubo, and August De Hertogh). I. Introduction. II. Historical Perspectives. III. Globalization of the World Flower Bulb Industry 7 IV. Major Areas of Research. V. Major Flower Bulb Organizations. VI. Conclusions and Future Research. Acknowledgments. Literature Cited 2. The Bananas: Botany, Origin, Dispersal (N. M. Nayar). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Origin and Evolution. IV. Dispersal. V. Summary and Inferences. Acknowledgments. Literature Cited. 3. Genetic Diversity of Cucumis Melo (Yosef Burger, Harry S. Paris, Ron Cohen, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Efraim Lewinsohn, and Arthur A. Schaffer). I. Introduction. II. Origin and Domestication. III. Historical Records. IV. Classification. V. Molecular Polymorphism. VI. Variability in Fruit Characteristics. VII. Variation in Response to Diseases. VIII. Prospects. Acknowledgments. Literature Cited. 4. Dogroses: Botany, Horticulture, Genetics, and Breeding (Gun Werlemark and Hilde Nybom). I. Introduction. II. Taxonomy. III. Utilization. IV. Production. V. Genetics and Breeding. VI. Summary. Literature Cited. 5. Biochemical and Practical Views of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus-Host Association in Horticultural Crops (Hinanit Koltai, Vijay Gadkar, and Yoram Kapulnik). I. Introduction. II. Life Cycle of AM Fungi. III. Chemical Analyses of the Presymbiotic Stage of the AMF-Host Interaction. IV. Molecular Analyses of the Presymbiotic Phase of the AMF-Host Interaction. V. Application of AMF in Horticultural Crops. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 6. Sustainability of Organic Horticulture (Michael Raviv). Abbreviations. I. Defining Sustainability. II. Organic Horticulture. III. How Sustainable is Organic Horticulture? IV. Knowledge Gaps and Required Future Research. V. Conclusions. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors. Dedication: Irwin L. Goldman (Molly Jahn). 1. Common Bean Rust: Pathology and Control (Merion M. Liebenberg and Zacharias A. Pretorius). Abbreviations and Acronyms. I. Introduction. II. Pathogen Nomenclature, Morphology, and Life Cycle. III. Symptoms. IV. Host Range. V. Distribution. VI. Epidemiology. VII. Economic Importance. VIII. Pathogenic Variation. IX. Manipulation of the Fungus. X. Disease Management. XI. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. Literature Cited. 2. Bitter Gourd: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding (Tusar K. Behera, Snigdha Behera, L. K. Bharathi, K. Joseph John, Philipp W. Simon, and Jack E. Staub). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Horticulture. IV. Breeding. V. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 3. Dynamics of Carbohydrate Reserves in Cultivated Grapevines (Bruno P. Holzapfel, Jason P. Smith, Stewart K. Field, and W. James Hardie). I. Introduction. II. Carbohydrate Reserves. III. Accumulation of Carbohydrate Reserves. IV. Photoassimilation and Storage Processes. V. Mobilization and Utilization of Carbohydrate Reserves. VI. Viticultural Management of Carbohydrate Reserves. VII. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 4. Elderberry: Botany, Horticulture, Potential (Denis Charlebois, Patrick L. Byers, Chad E. Finn, and Andrew L. Thomas). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Horticulture. IV. Propagation. V. Uses. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 5. Modified Humidity Packaging of Fresh Produce (Victor Rodov, Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, Nehemia Aharoni, and Shabtai Cohen). I. Introduction. II. Basics of Postharvest Water Relations. III. Water in Postharvest Life of Fresh Produce. IV. The Concept of Modified-Humidity Packaging. V. Practical MHP Approaches. VI. Summary. Acknowledgments. Literature Cited. 6. Ecological and Genetic Systems Underlying Sustainable Horticulture (Autar K. Mattoo and John R. Teasdale). Abbreviations. I. Introduction. II. Ecological Systems. III. Genetic Systems. IV. An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Horticulture. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors. Dedication: Maxine M. Thompson (Kim Hummer). 1. Biology and Physiology of Vines (Kevin C. Vaughan and Andrew J. Bowling). I. Introduction. II. Evolution and Taxonomic Distribution of Vines. III. Classification of Vines. IV. How Is Touch Perceived? V. Light Perception and Finding a Support. VI. Genetic Approaches. VII. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 2. Origin and Dissemination of Almond (Thomas M. Gradziel). I. Introduction. II. Classification. III. Wild Badam. IV. Cultivated Greek Nut. V. Old World Dissemination. VI. New World Dissemination. VII. Global Commerce. VIII. Evolving Requisites for Commercial Almond. IX. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 3. Factors Affecting Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Composition (Paolo Inglese, Franco Famiani, Fabio Galvano, Maurizio Servili, Sonia Esposto, and Stephania Urbani). I. The Concept of Olive Oil Quality. II. EVOO Composition and Nutritional Properties. III. Sources of Variability of EVOO Composition and Properties. IV. Agronomical and Environmental Factors Affecting EVOO Composition and Quality. V. Technological Factors Affecting EVOO Composition and Quality. VI. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 4. Quality and Yield Responses of Deciduous Fruits to Reduce Irrigation (M. H. Behboudian, J. Marsal, J. Girona, and G. Lopez). I. Introduction. II. Definitions. III. Stone Fruits. IV. Pome Fruits. V. Conclusions and Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 5. Hot Water Treatment of Fruits and Vegetables for Postharvest Storage (Elazar Fallik). I. Introduction. II. Hot Water Technologies. III. Combination Treatments. IV. Hot Water Treatments and Fresh Cut. V. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 6. Promotion of Adventitious Root Formation of Difficult-to-Root Hardwood Tree Species (Paula M. Pijut, Keith E. Woeste, and Charles H. Michler). I. Introduction. II. Genetics and Physiology of Adventitious Root Formation. III. Controllable Factors That Affect Rooting of Cuttings. IV. Case Study of Horticultural versus Forest Tree Species. Literature Cited. 7. Water and Nutrient Management in the Production of Container-Growth Ornamentals (John C. Majsztrik, Andrew G. Ristvey, and John D. Lea-Cox). I. Introduction. II. Soilless Substrates. III. Nutrients. IV. Water. V. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 8. World Vegetable Industry: Production, Breeding, Trends (Joao Silva Dias and Edward J. Ryder). I. Introduction. II. The Worldwide Vegetable Industry. III. Vegetable Production Strategies. IV. Vegetable Breeding. V. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 9. Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Peel (Adriana Telias, James M. Bradeen, James J. Luby, Emily E. Hoover, and Andrew C. Allen). I. Introduction. II. Apple Peel Color. III. Genetic Control of Anthocyanin Accumulation. IV. Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Accumulation. V. Mechanisms Affecting Anthocyanin Accumulation Patterns. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

The latest information on applied topics in horticultural sciences. This book emphasizes applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. Numerous references provide easy, time-saving and cost effective access to the primary literature.

Postpollination Flower Development (S. O'Neill & J.Nadeau). Speciality Mushrooms and Their Cultivation (D. Royse). Glucosinolates in Crop Plants (E. Rosa, et al.). Fruit Skin Splitting and Cracking (L. Opara, et al.). Origin and Dissemination of Cherry (M. Faust & D.Suranyi). Artemisia annua: Botany, Horticulture, Phamacology (J. Ferreira, etal.). Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum): Botany and Horticulture (P.Tetenyi). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

List of Contributors vii Dedication ix 1. Technologies for Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables 1 Judith A. Abbott, Renfu Lu, Bruce 1. Upchurch, and Richard Stroshine 2. Texture of Fresh Fruit 121 F. Roger Harker, Robert J. Redgwell, Ian C. Hallett, and Shona H. Murray 3. The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Plant Science Miklos Faust, Paul C. Wang, and John Moos 4. Postharvest Technology and Utilization of Almonds 267 Mario Schirra Subject Index 313 Cumulative Subject Index 315 Cumulative Contributor Index 337

Horticultural Reviews is an open-ended series of review articles on research in the production of commercial horticultural crops: vegetables, fruits, nuts, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. The articles collect, compare, and contrast the primary journal literature to provide an overview of the topic.

Integrated Management of Greenhouse Vegetable Crops (A.Papadopoulos, et al.). Okra: Botany and Horticulture (E. Duzyaman). Sweet Sorghum (E. Hunter & I. Anderson). Deficit Irrigation in Deciduous Orchards (M. Behboudian & T.Mills). Germplasm Resources of Pineapple (G. d'Eeckenbrugge, et al.). Salinity Tolerance in Olive (R. Gucci & M. Tattini). Cranberry: Botany and Horticulture (T. Roper & N. Vorsa). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews, Volume 28 presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance.

Contributors. Dedication: M. Allen Stevens (Fredrick A. Bliss). 1. Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy:An Horticultural and Agronomic Perspective (David M. Spooner, Wilbert L. A. Hetterscheid,Ronald G. van den Berg, and Willem Brandenburg). I. Introduction. II. Species Concepts in Wild Plants. III. Classification Philosophies in Wildand Cultivated Plants. IV. Brief History of Nomenclature and Codes. V. Fundamental Differences in the Classificationand Nomenclature of Cultivated and Wild Plants. VI. A Comparison of the ICBN and ICNCP. VII. Possible New Codes. VIII. Cultivated Plant Nomenclature and the Law. IX. Cultivar Epithets and Trademarks. X. Recommendations for a Universally StableCrop Nomenclature Through Changesand Use of the ICNCP. References. Literature Cited. 2. Grafting of Herbaceous Vegetableand Ornamental Crops (Jung-Myung Lee and Masayuki Oda). I. Introduction. II. Grafting Technology. III. Physiology of Grafting. IV. Crop Examples. V. Grafting for Crop Improvement. VI. Conclusion and ProspectsLiterature Cited. 3. Health Promoting Phytochemicals in Vegetables (Mosbah M. Kushad, John Masiunas, Kathy Eastman,Wilhelmina Kalt, and Mary A. L. Smith). I. Introduction. II. Major Classes of Phytochemicals in Vegetable. III. Phytochemicals Content and Health Benefitsof the Four Major Vegetable Groups. IV. Conclusions and Future Research Needs. Literature Cited. 4. Detection and Elimination of Viruses andPhytoplasmas from Pome and Stone Fruit Trees (Margit Laimer). I. Introduction. II. Pathogens. III. Pathogen Detection. IV. Elimination of Viruses. V. Elimination of Phytoplasmas. VI. Indexing, Mass Propagation, and GermplasmConservation. VII. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 5. Pear Fruit Volatiles (Francesca Rapparini and Stefano Predieri). I. Introduction. II. Analysis of Chemical Composition. III. Biogenesis. IV. Factors Affecting Qualitative and QuantitativeEmission of Pear Volatiles. V. Volatile Compounds Influence on Quality. VI. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 6. The Physiology of Flowering in Strawberry (Rebecca L. Darnell, Daniel J. Cantliffe,Daniel S. Kirschbaum, and Craig K. Chandler). I. Introduction. II. Floral Morphology. III. Environmental Effects on Reproductive Growth. IV. Floral Induction Models. V. Genetics of Floral Induction. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 7. Flower and Fruit Thinning of Peachand other Prunus (Ross E. Byers, Guglielmo Costa, and Giannina Vizzotto). I. Introduction. II. Reproductive Physiology. III. Abscission. IV. Thinning Practices. V. Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 8. The Reproductive Biology of the Lychee (Raphael A. Stern and Shmuel Gazit). I. Introduction. II. Flowering. III. Pollination. IV. The Fertilization Process and Initial Fruit Set. V. Fruit Development and Abscission. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews, Volume 29 presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance.

Contributors. Dedication: Calvin R. Sperling (Philip L. Forsline). 1. Collection, Maintenance, Characterization, and Utilization of Wild Apples of Central Asia (Philip L. Forsline, Herb S. Aldwinckle, Elizabeth E. Dickson, James J. Luby, and Stan C. Hokanson). I. Introduction. II. Germplasm Acquisition. III. Central Asian Collections. IV. Maintenance. V. Distribution. VI. Characterization and Evalution. VII. Utilization. VIII. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 2. The Wild Apple Tree of Kazakhstan (A. D. Dzhangaliev). I. Introduction. II. Historical Review. III. The Role of Wild Apple in the Vegetative Cover of Mountain Regions in Kazakhstan. IV. The Influence of Wild Apples on the Structure of the Environment. V. Characteristics of Wild Apple Growth and Development. VI. Intraspecific Polymorphism of Wild Apple. VII. Utility and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Apple Fruit. VIII. Preservation of Wild Apples. IX. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 3. The Wild Fruit and Nut Plants of Kazakhstan (A. D. Dzhangaliev, T. N. Salova, and P. M. Turekhanova). I. Introduction. II. Pome Fruits. III. Stone Fruits. IV. Small and Vine Fruits. V. Other Fruits. VI. Nuts. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents reviews on various topics in the horticultural sciences. The articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Banksia: New Proteaceous Cut Flower Crop (M. Sedgley). Leucospermum: Botany and Horticulture (R. Criley). Postharvest Heat Treatments of Horticultural Crops (S. Lurie). Modified and Controlled Atmospheres for Tropical Fruits (E. Yahia). Nitrogen Use in Vegetable Crops in Temperate Climates (M. Schenk). Origin and Dissemination of Apricot (M. Faust, et al.). Tea: Botany and Horticulture (L. Manivel). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Colour Plates Chapter 1 Plant Epicuticular Waxes: Function, Production, and Genetics Matthew A. Jenks and Edward N. Ashworth Chapter 2 Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Techniques in Postharvest Physiology Jennifer R. DeEll, Olaf van Kooten, Robert K. Prange and Dennis P. Murr Chapter 3 Zinc Nutrition in Horticultural Crops Dariusz Swietlik Chapter 4 Origin and Dissemination of Plums Miklos Faust and Dezsoe Suranyi Chapter 5 Loquat: Botany and Horticulture Shunquan Lin, Ralph H. Sharpe and Jules Janick Chapter 6 Crop Physiology of Sweetpotato V. Ravi & P. Indira Indexes

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Dedication: Haruyuki Kamemoto (R. Criley). Bioreactor Technology for Plant Micropropagation (M. Ziv). Biogenesis of Floral Scents (N. Dudareva, et al.). Triazoles as Plant Growth Regulators and Stress Protectants (R.Fletcher, et al.). Ecologically-based Practices for Vegetable Crops Production in theTropics (H. Valenzuela). Lettuce Seed Germination (D. Cantliffe, et al.). Viroid Dwarfing for High Density Citrus Plantings (R. Hutton, etal.). Growth, Development, and Cultural Practices for Young Citrus Trees(F. Davies & J. Ferguson). Fruit Growth Measurement and Analysis (L. Opara). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in the horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. These articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic.

Amaryllidaceae: Geophytic Growth, Development, and Flowering (K.Theron & A. De Hertogh). History of the Cultivar-Groups of Cucurbita pepo (H. Paris). Steroidal Alkaloids in Solanaceous Vegetable Crops (Z. Chen &A. Miller). Factors Affecting Weight Loss of Apples (K. Maguire, et al.). Processing Technology of the Table Olive (S. Colmagro, etal.). Indexes.

Horticulture Reviews is an open-ended, serial continuation series of review articles on research in commercial horticulture crops. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of plant scientists.

Contributors. Dedication: Dale E. Kester (Thomas M. Gradziel). 1. Girdling: Physiological and Horticultural Aspectsn (R. Goren, M. Huberman, and E. E. Goldschmidt). I. Introduction. II. Girdling Concepts and Techniques. III. Girdling and Physiological Studies. IV. Endogenous Plant Hormones. V. Girdling in Horticultural Practice. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 2. Irrigation Water Quality and Salinity Effects in Citrus Trees (Yoseph Levy and Jim Syvertsen). I. Introduction. II. Managing Salinity. III. Experimental Methods in Salinity Research. IV. Physiological Responses. V. Salinity and Biotic Stresses. VI. Benefits of Moderate Salinity. VII. Summary. Literature Cited. 3. Red Bayberry: Botany and Horticulture (Kunsong Chen, Changjie Xu, Bo Zhang, and Ian Ferguson). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Physiology. IV. Environmental Requirements. V. Horticulture. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 4. Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops in China (Weijie Jiang, Dongyu Qu, Ding Mu, and Lirong Wang). I. Introduction. II. The Energy-Saving Greenhouse. III. Vegetable Crops. IV. Floriculture. V. Fruit Trees. VI. Future Development of Protected Horticulture. Literature Cited. 5. Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Cuticle Cracking (Martine Dorais, Dominique-Andre Demers, Athanasios P. Papadopoulos, and Wim Van Ieperen). I. Introduction. II. Fruit Characteristics Related to the Development of Cuticle Cracking. III. Genetic Aspects of Fruit Resistance to Cuticle Cracking. IV. Climatic Factors Related to the Development of Cuticle Cracking. V. Cultural Factors Related to the Development of Cuticle Cracking. VI. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 6. Fresh-Cut Vegetables and Fruits (Jeffrey K. Brecht, Mikal E. Saltveit, Stephen T. Talcott, Keith R. Schneider, Kelly Felkey, and Jerry A. Bartz). I. Introduction. II. Physiology. III. Sensory Quality. IV. Phytonutrients. V. Microbiology. VI. Treatments to Maintain Quality. VII. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 7. Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Widely Used Root and Tuber Crops (Uzi Afek and Stanley J. Kays). I. Introduction 255 II. Causes of Postharvest Losses 255 III. Tuber Crops 259 IV. Root Crops 276 V. Corm and Rhizome Crops 295 Literature Cited 299 8. Metabolic Control of Low-Temperature Sweetening in Potato Tubers During Postharvest Storage (R. W. Blenkinsop, R. Y. Yada, and A. G. Marangoni). I. Introduction. II. Starch Metabolism. III. Sucrose Metabolism. IV. Glycolysis. V. Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway. VI. Mitochondrial Respiration. VII. Metabolic Factors Affecting Chip Color Development. VIII. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 9. Cassava-based Multiple Cropping Systems (V. Ravi and C. R. Mohankumar). I. Introduction. II. Growth and Productivity of Cassava. III. Growth and Productivity of Associate Crops. IV. Intercropping Cassava. V. Relay Sequential Cropping Cassava. VI. Multi-Cropping Management. VII. Conclusion and Future Prospects. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors. Dedication: A. A. De Hertogh (Paul V. Nelson). 1. Protea: A Floricultural Crop from the Cape Floristic Kingdom (J. H. Coetzee and G. M. Littlejohn). I. Introduction. II. History. III. Reproductive Biology. IV. Crop Improvement. V. Physiology. VI. Production. VII. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 2. The Molecular Biology of Plant Hormone Reception (Carole L. Bassett). I. Introduction. II. Current Status of Signal Receptor Research. III. Plant Hormone Receptors. IV. Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 3. Molecular Biology of Cassava (Johanna Puonti-Kaerlas). I. Introduction. II. Botany and Distribution. III. Production and Use. IV. Constraints to Cassava Use and Cultivation. V. Traditional Breeding and Biotechnology in Cassava Improvement. VI. Molecular Genetics. VII. Tissue Culture and Regeneration. VIII. Genetic Transformation. IX. Applications and Potential Molecular Biology. X. Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 4. Postharvest Physiology and Quality of Coated Fruits and Vegetables (Cassandra Amarante and Nigel H. Banks). I. Introduction. II. Permeability of Coating Films and Permeance of Coated Commodities. III. Physico-Chemical Characteristics, and Barrier Properties to Water Vapor and Gases, of Edible Coatings. IV. Factors Affecting Water Loss, Gas Exchange, and Modification of Internal Atmosphere of Coated Commodities. V. Postharvest Physiology and Quality of Coated Commodities. VI. Summary and Conclusions. Literature Cited. 5. Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Quality (M. Dorais, A. P. Papadopoulos, and A. Gosselin). I. Introduction. II. Quality Attributes. III. Genetic Characteristics Affecting Tomato Fruit Quality. IV. Environmental Factors Affecting Tomato Fruit Quality. V. Cultural Practices Affecting Fruit Quality. VI. Postharvest. VII. Conclusion. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews is an ongoing series presenting state-of-the-art review articles on research in the production of commercial horticultural crops: vegetables, fruits, nuts, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. Articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Contributors. Dedication: John V. Possingham (Keith Boardman). 1. The Molecular Biology of Flowering (Steve vanNocker). I. Introduction. II. Arabidopsis as a Model for Flowering-Time Studies. III. Floral Inductive Pathways. IV. Role of Carbohydrates. V. Control of Meristem Identity. VI. Competency. VII. Conclusion and Perspectives. Literature Cited. 2. Floral Homeotic Gene Regulation (Robert G. Franksand Zhongchi Liu). I. Introduction. II. Conservation of the ABC Functions in Angiosperms. III. Positive Regulators of Floral Organ Identity Genes. IV. Negative Regulators of Floral Organ Identity Genes. V. Summary. Literature Cited. 3. Lingonberry: Botany and Horticulture (IngerHjalmarsson and Rodomiro Ortiz). I. Introduction. II. History. III. Botany. IV. Management of Natural Stands V. Horticulture. VI. Summary and Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 4. Caper Bush: Botany and Horticulture (Gabriel O.Sozzi). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Ecophysiology. IV. Horticulture. V. Postharvest Technology. VI. Composition and Utilization. VII. International Trade. VIII. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 5. Water Relations and Irrigation Scheduling in Grapevine(M. H. Behboudian and Zora Singh). I. Introduction. II. Phenology. III. Aspects of Water Relations. IV. Irrigation of Vineyards. V. Quality Attributes for Wine, Dried, Table, and JuiceGrapes. VI. Future Prospects. Literature Cited. 6. Physiology and Biochemistry of Superficial Scald of Applesand Pears (Morris Ingle). I. Introduction. II. Scald Symptoms and Cell Changes. III. Biochemistry of Scald. IV. Physiology of Scald. V. A Model of Scald Development. VI. Prospects. Literature Cited. 7. Health Functional Phytochemicals of Fruit(Wilhelmina Kalt). I. Introduction. II. Citrus. III. Grapes and Wine. IV. Vaccinium. V. Other Fruits. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 8. Producing Sods over Plastic in Soilless Media(Henry F. Decker). I. Introduction. II. Producing Sods in Soilless Media. III. Development of the Concept. IV. Producing Mature Sods over Plastic. V. Producing Sods for Golf Greens. VI. Solving the Problem of a Stable Continuum. VII. Subsequent Proposals in the Genre. VIII. Manufacturing Sods. IX. New Machinery. X. Future Potential. XI. Summary. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

The latest information on applied topics in horticultural sciences. This book emphasizes applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. Numerous references provide easy, time-saving and cost effective access to the primary literature.

Water Relations of Cut Flowers (W. van Doorn). Tissue Culture of Ornamental Flowering Bulbs (Geophytes)(K.-W. Kim & A. De Hertogh). Desiccation-Tolerance of Plant Tissues: A Mechanistic Overview (M.Oliver & J. Bewley). Physiology of Light Tolerance in Plants (B. Demmig-Adams, etal.). Acquired Resistance to Disease in Plants (R. Hammerschmidt & J.Becker). Cacti as Crops (Y. Mizrahi, et al.). Reproductive Biology of Cactus Fruit Crops (A. Nerd & Y.Mizrahi). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews present state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. It is a serial that appears in the form of one hardbound volume per year.

Mechanical Stress Regulation of Plant Growth Development (C.Mitchell & P. Myers). Volatile Emissions from Plants (C. Charron, et al.). A Physiological-Genetic Model of Photoperiod-TemperatureInteractions in Photoperiodism, Vernalization, and Male Sterilityin Plants (W. Yan & D. Wallace). Environmental Control and Photoautotrophic Micropropagation (B.Jeong, et al.). Leaf Blackening in Cut Protea Flowers (R. Jones, et al.). Low-Temperature Sweetening in Roots and Tubers (W. Wismer, etal.). Jojoba Domestication and Commercialization in Israel (A.Benzioni). Growth and Ripening of Strawberry Fruit (P. Perkins-Veazie). Control of Phytophthora Diseases of Tree Crops Using Trunk-InjectedPhosphates (D. Guest, et al.). Origin and Dissemination of Peach (M. Faust & B. Timon). Avocado Rootstocks (A. Ben-Ya'acov & E. Michelson). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Molecular and Genetic Approaches to the Study of Plant HormoneAction (M. Guiltinan & J. Deikman). Cellular Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plant Cells (M. Binzel& M. Reuveni). Truffles and Their Cultivation (G. Giovannetti, et al.). Presowing Seed Priming (C. Parera & D. Cantliffe). Sapindaceous Fruits: Botany and Horticulture (H. Tindall). Apple Flavor (E. Yahia). New Concepts in Pruning Grapevines (J.-V. Possingham). Mechanical Harvesting of Berry Crops (A. Dale, et al.). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

North American Botanic Gardens (G. Watson, et al.). Approaches to Reduce Chilling Injury of Fruits and Vegetables (C.Wang). Bloom Delay in Deciduous Fruits (J. Anderson & S.Seeley). Anatomical, Physiological, and Hormonal Aspects of Abscission inCitrus (R. Goren). Graft Incompatibility (P. Andrews & C. Marquez). Gravitropism: Changing Ideas (F. Salisbury). Environmental, Chemical, and Genetic Control of Flowering (J.Kinet). Whole Plant Senescence: Reproduction and Nutrient Partitioning (D.Sklensky & P. Davies). Potential Benefits and Risks of Herbicide-Resistant Crops Producedby Biotechnology (W. Dyer, et al.). Limiting Factors, High Yields, and Law of the Maximum (A. Wallace& G. Wallace). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Heliconia: Botany and Horticulture of a New Floral Crop (R. Criley& T. Broschat). Root Physiology of Ornamental Flowering Bulbs (L. Kawa & A. DeHertogh). Tuber Formation in Potato: Induction, Initiation, and Growth (E.Ewing & P. Struik). The Biology, Epidemiology, and Control of Turnip Mosaic Virus (V.Shattuck). Thin Cell Layer Morphogenesis (M. Compton & R. Veilleux). Tissue and Cell Cultures of Woody Legumes (R. Trigiano, etal.). Polyamines in Horticulturally Important Plants (M. Faust & S.Wang). Breeding Muscadine Grapes (R. Goldy). Nitrogen Metabolism in Grapevine (K. Roubelakis-Angelakis & W.Kliewer).

Horticultural Reviews present state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. It is a serial that appears in the form of one hardbound volume per year.

Integrated Pest Management of Greenhouse Crops in Northern Europe(K. Sunderland, et al.). Polygalacturonase and Tomato Fruit Ripening (J. Giovannoni, etal.). Crop Physiology of Cassava (W. Splittstoesser & G.Tunya). Preplant Physiological Seed Conditioning (A. Khan). Environmental Influences on Seed Size and Composition (M.Fenner). Formation and Spread of Ice in Plant Tissues (E. Ashworth). Responses of Fruit Crops to Flooding (B. Schaffer, et al.). Developmental Morphology and Anatomy of Grape Flowers (J.Gerrath). Developmental Physiology of Rabbiteye Blueberry (R. Darnell, etal.). Maturity Indices for Apple and Pear (C. Kingston). Indexes.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in the horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. Published in two volumes, twice each year, these articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Contributors. Dedication: Ian J. Warrington (David C. Ferree). 1. Particle Films: A New Technology for Agriculture (D. Michael Glenn and Gary J. Puterka). I. Introduction. II. Particle Film Technology for Arthropod Pest Control. III. Physiological and Horticultural Uses of Particle Films. IV. Disease Control with Mineral and Particle Film Materials. V. Future Uses of Particle Film Technology in Agriculture. Literature Cited. 2. The Foliage Plant Industry (Jianjun Chen, Dennis B. McConnell, Richard J. Henny, and David J. Norman). I. Introduction. II. Production Conditions and Environments. III. Foliage Plant Propagation. IV. Foliage Plant Production. V. Postproduction. VI. The Future. Literature Cited. 3. Fruit Drop in Mango (Zora Singh, Aman Ullah Malik, and Thomas L. Davenport). I. Introduction. II. Intensity and Patterns of Fruit Drop. III. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Fruit Drop. IV. Endogenous Factors Affecting Fruit Drop. V. Management Practices Affecting Fruit Drop. VI. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 4. The Physiology of Adaptation and Yield Expression in Olive (D. J. Connor and E. Fereres). I. Introduction. II. Growth and Development. III. Water Relations. IV. Mineral Nutrition. V. Carbon Accumulation. VI. Biomass Partitioning and Realization of Yield. VII. Stress Physiology. VIII. Integration of Responses. IX. Recommendations for Future Research. X. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 5. Crop Load Interactions in Apple (Jens N. Wunsche and Ian B. Ferguson). I. Introduction. II. Definition. III. Factors Determining Crop Load. IV. Factors Affected by Crop Load. V. Physiological and Biochemical Response. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 6. Chestnut: Botany, Horticulture, and Utilization (Giancarlo Bounous and Daniela Torello Marinoni). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Horticulture. IV. Nut Utilization. V. The Future of the Chestnut Industry. Literature Cited. 7. The North American Pawpaw: Botany and Horticulture (Kirk W. Pomper and Desmond R. Layne). I. Introduction. II. History. III. Botany. IV. Horticulture. V. Future Prospects. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in the horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. The title appears in the form of two volumes per year. These articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Contributors. Dedication: Daniel J. Cantliffe (Peter J. Stoffella). 1. Genetic Resources of Kiwifruit: Domestication and Breeding (Hongwen Huang and A. Ross Ferguson). I. Introduction. II. Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Resources of Actinidia. III. Natural Distribution of Actinidia. IV. Domestication and Commercialization of Kiwifruit. V. Origins of Kiwifruit Cultivars. VI. From Genetic Diversity to Cultivar Development. Literature Cited. 2. Garlic: Botany and Horticulture (Rina Kamenetsky). I. Introduction. II. Variability and Genetic Resources. III. Plant Morphology and Effects of Environmental Factors on Annual Development. IV. Fertility Restoration and Seed Production. V. Propagation. VI. Chemical Composition, Medicinal and Neutraceutical Traits. VII. Horticultural Requirements. VIII. Postharvest Bulb Storage. IX. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 3. Black Pepper: Botany and Horticulture (V. A. Parthasarathy, B. Sasikumar, R. R. Nair, and K. Johnson George). I. Introduction. II. Taxonomy, Morphology, and Cytology of Black Pepper. III. Horticulture. IV. Breeding. V. Biotechnology. Literature Cited. 4. Biology and Management of Weedy Root Parasites (D. M. Joel, J. Hershenhorn, H. Eizenberg, R. Aly, G. Ejeta, P. J. Rich, J. K. Ransom, J. Sauerborn, and D. Rubiales). I. Introduction. II. Economic Impact. III. Distribution. IV. Developmental Aspects. V. Management. VI. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 5. Controlling Biotic Factors That Cause Postharvest Losses of Fresh Market Tomatoes (M. J. Mahovic, J. A. Bartz, and K. R. Schneider). I. Introduction. II. Factors Influencing Postharvest Loss. III. Sources and Means of Fruit Contamination During Harvest and Handling. IV. Controlling Biotic Hazards. V. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 6. The Master Gardener Program 1972-2005 (Mary Hockenberry Meyer). I. Introduction. II. Program Demographics. III. Program Activities. IV. Training and Management. V. Program Training and Management Costs. VI. Program Numbers and Impact. VII. Future Direction and Challenges. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in the horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commerical importance. The title appears in the form of two volumes per year. These articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Contributors. Dedication: Margaret Sedgley (Bryan Coombs). l. Analyzing Fruit Tree Architecture: Implications for Tree Management and Fruit Production (E. Costes, P. E. Lauri, and J. L. Regnard). I. Introduction. II. Architectural Analysis. III. Consequences of Tree Architecture for Tree Training, Orchard Management, and Fruit Production. IV. Conclusions. V. Glossary. Literature Cited. 2. Peach Orchard Systems (Richard P. Marini and Luca Corelli-Grappadelli). I. Introduction. II. Crop Physiology. III. Light Management. IV. Peach Orchard Systems. V. Vigor-Controlling Methods for Peach Trees. VI. Limitations to High Peach Yields. VII. Future Trends and Direction. Literature Cited. 3. Irrigation Scheduling and Evaluation of Tree Water Status in Deciduous Orchards (Amos Naor). I. Introduction. II. The Modern Irrigation Scheduling Concept. III. Deficit Irrigation. IV. Water Stress Assessment and Timing of Irrigation. V. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 4. Leucadendron: A Major Proteaceous Floricultural Crop (Jaacov Ben-Jaacov and Avner Silber). I. Introduction. II. Botany of the Genus Leucadendron. III. World Industry and Economics. IV. Horticulture. V. Crop Potential and Research Needs. Literature Cited. 5. Chinese Jujube: Botany and Horticulture (Mengjun Liu). I. Introduction. II. Botany. III. Physiology. IV. Environmental Requirements. V. Horticulture. Literature Cited. 6. Taxus spp.: Botany, Horticulture, and Source of Anti-Cancer Compounds (John M. DeLong and Robert K. Prange). I. Introduction. II. Historical. III. Botany. IV. Horticulture. V. Pharmacology of Anti-Cancer Compounds from Taxus. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 7. The Genus Allium: A Developmental and Horticultural Analysis (Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch). I. Introduction. II. Taxonomy and Geographical Distribution. III. Genetic Resources and Possible Use of Wild Allium Species. IV. Morphological Structures and Comparisons Between Biomorphological Groups. V. Plant Development. VI. Propagation. VII. Chemical Composition. VIII. Concluding Remarks. Literature Cited. 8. The Invasive Plant Debate: A Horticultural Perspective (Alex X. Niemiera and Guy Phillips). I. Introduction. II. Perspectives. III. Ecology of Invasive Species. IV. Regulatory Matters. V. Conclusion. Literature Cited. Appendix A. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

"Horticultural Reviews, Volume 28" presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance.

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Dedication: Kim E. Hummer (Joseph Postman) 1. Spices: Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea (Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, Carole Borowitz, and Lumir Ondoej Hanus) 2. Ginger: Botany and Horticulture (V. A. Parthasarathy, V. Srinivasan, R. R. Nair, T. John Zachariah, A. Kumar, and D. Prasath) 3. Annatto: Botany and Horticulture (Freddy Leal and Claret Michelangeli de Clavijo) 4. Mediterranean Stone Pine: Botany and Horticulture (Sven Mutke, Rafael Calama, Santiago C. Gonzalez-Martinez, Gregorio Montero, F. Javier Gordo, David Bono, and Luis Gil) 5. Pointed Gourd: Botany and Horticulture (Sanjeev Kumar and B.D. Singh) 6. The Physiology and Functions of Fruit Pigments: An Ecological and Horticultural Perspective (Willem J. Steyn) 7. Advances in the Biology and Management of Monosporascus Vine Decline and Wilt of Melons and other Cucurbits (Roni Cohen, Shimon Pivonia, Kevin M. Crosby, and Ray D. Martyn) 8. Ornamental Grasses (Mary Hockenberry Meyer)

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: John Reuben Clark xiii Chad E. Finn 1. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Cut Flowers and Potted Plants 1 Michael S. Reid and Cai-Zhong Jiang I. Introduction 3 II. The Ornamental Industry 4 III. Factors Affecting the Postharvest Life of Ornamentals 5 IV. Biology of Flower Senescence 29 V. Transgenic Strategies for Extending Floral Life 36 VI. Future Prospects 42 Literature Cited 44 2. Water Relations of Cut Flowers: An Update 55 Wouter G. van Doorn I. Introduction 57 II. Water Supply to Flowers 57 III. Water Loss: Influence of Stomata 58 IV. Water Uptake: Xylem Blockage 63 V. Small and Coalescing Air Bubbles Form in Cut Stems, in the Absence of Cavitation 88 VI. Water Flow Rate in the Xylem as Affected by Ions in the Water 89 VII. Use of An Artificial Tap Water as a Standard Vase Solution? 90 VIII. Water Stress and Ethylene 93 IX. Conclusions 96 Acknowledgments 97 Literature Cited 97 3. Factors Involved in Fruit Calcium Deficiency Disorders 107 Sergio Tonetto de Freitas and Elizabeth J. Mitcham I. Introduction 109 II. Physiology of Calcium Deficiency in Fruit Tissue 109 III. Calcium Translocation at the Whole Plant Level 111 IV. Calcium at the Fruit Level 116 V. Calcium at the Cellular Level 118 VI. Role of Abiotic Stress in Calcium Deficiency Disorders 125 VII. Role of Growth Regulators in Calcium Deficiency Disorders 127 VIII. Proposed Mechanisms Controlling Fruit Susceptibility to Calcium Deficiency Disorders 135 Literature Cited 137 4. Rhubarb: Botany, Horticulture, and Genetic Resources 147 Danny L. Barney and Kim E. Hummer I. Introduction 148 II. Historical 149 III. Botany 156 IV. Horticulture 164 V. World Genetic Resources 170 VI. The Future 178 Acknowledgments 178 Literature Cited 179 Manuscripts 182 5. Ancient Dates and their Potential Use in Breeding 183 Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua and Liat Josefsberg Ben-Yehoshua I. Introduction 184 II. Dates and Health 189 III. Historical Review 190 IV. Remnants of Dates and Their Potential Uses 203 V. Conclusions 210 Acknowledgments 210 Literature Cited 210 6. The Cucurbits and Nightshades of Renaissance England: John Gerard and William Shakespeare 215 Jules Janick, Harry S. Paris, and Marie-Christine Daunay I. Introduction 216 II. John Gerard 217 III. William Shakespeare 246 IV. The Connection Between Gerard and Shakespeare 251 V. Conclusion 252 Literature Cited 255 7. Greenhouse Cover Technology 259 Johannes F. J. Max, Ulrich Schurr, Hans-Jurgen Tantau, Urbanus N. Mutwiwa, Thomas Hofmann, and Andreas Ulbrich I. Introduction 263 II. Greenhouse Superstructures 267 III. Materials Used for Covering Greenhouses 286 IV. Material Combinations 346 V. Plant Response to Greenhouse Covers 350 VI. Comparison and Economic Assessment 368 VII. Conclusions and Prospects 378 Acknowledgments 381 Literature Cited 381 Subject Index 397 Cumulative Subject Index 399 Cumulative Contributor Index 427

This latest volume in the Horticultural Reviews Series presents the most recent analyses of innovations in horticultural science and technology. Covering both basic and applied research, Volume 41 incorporates a wide variety of horticultural topics including the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. Specialized researchers and the broader community of horticultural scientists and student may benefit from this research tool.

Contributors ix Dedication: Philipp W. Simon xii Irwin Goldman 1. Circadian Regulation of Horticultural Traits: Integration of Environmental Signals 1 Marcos Egea-Cortines, Fabiola Ruiz-Ramon, and Julia Weiss I. Introduction 2 II. General Structure of the Plant Circadian Clock 3 III. Environmental Inputs 10 IV. Control of Plant Growth and Morphogenesis 13 V. Adaptation to Biotic and Abiotic Stress 29 VI. Summary and Conclusions 33 Acknowledgments 34 Literature Cited 34 2. Response of Perennial Horticultural Crops to Climate Change 47 D. Michael Glenn, Soo-Hyung Kim, Julian Ramirez-Villegas, and Peter Laderach I. Introduction 51 II. Response of Perennial Horticultural Crops with Abiotic Factors Associated with Climate Change 54 III. Case Studies 57 IV. Adapation 91 V. Future Research Needs 109 Acknowledgments 112 Literature Cited 112 3. Nonchilling Physiological Rind Disorders in Citrus Fruit 131 Lembe Samukelo Magwaza, Umezuruike Linus Opara, Paul J. R. Cronje, Sandra Landahl, Leon A. Terry, and Bart M. Nicolay I. Introduction 133 II. Citrus Rind Disorders 134 III. Rind Anatomy and Histological Characteristics 143 IV. Causes of Physiological Rind Disorders of Citrus Fruit 145 V. Molecular and Physiological Basis of Physiological Rind Disorders 158 VI. Techniques for Inducing Rind Disorders 161 VII. Prospects for Future Research 162 VIII. Conclusions 164 Acknowledgments 166 Literature Cited 166 4. Fruit Splitting in Citrus 177 Paul J. R. Cronje, Ockert P. J. Stander, and Karen I. Theron I. Introduction 179 II. Physiology of Citrus Fruit Splitting 183 III. Causes of Citrus Fruit Splitting 187 IV. Reducing Citrus Fruit Splitting 191 V. Conclusions 195 Acknowledgments 197 Literature Cited 197 5. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Ber Fruit 201 Sunil Pareek and Elhadi M. Yahia I. Introduction 203 II. Fruit Composition and Nutritional Variability 208 III. Physiological and Biochemical Changes During Maturation and Ripening 210 IV. Preharvest Treatments to Extend Shelf Life 218 V. Postharvest Handling and Technology 220 VI. Postharvest Diseases and Disorders 227 VII. Summary and Future Prospects 229 Literature Cited 231 6. Peach Texture 241 Paul Sandefur, John R. Clark, and Cameron Peace I. Introduction 243 II. Fruit Texture 245 III. Peach Texture 249 IV. Peach Flesh Types 258 V. Ripening and the Enzymatic Effects on Peach Texture 269 VI. Production and Handling Effects on Peach Texture 276 VII. Summary 285 Literature Cited 286 7. High-Density Olive Plantations 303 Luis Rallo, Diego Barranco, Sergio Castro-Garcya, David J. Connor, Marya Gomez del Campo, and Pilar Rallo I. Introduction: Olive Growing in a Time of Change 305 II. Typologies of Olive Plantations 307 III. Effects of Density on Plant Performance 318 IV. Critical Factors for High-Density Orchards 325 V. Orchard Establishment Costs, Management Costs, and Economical Indices 362 VI. The Future 365 Acknowledgments 370 Literature Cited 370 8. The Carob Tree: Botany, Horticulture, and Genetic Resources 385 Joan Tous, Agusti Romero, and Ignasi Batlle I. Introduction 387 II. Botany 395 III. Horticulture 407 IV. Variability and Genetic Resources 419 V. Properties and Uses 434 VI. Concluding Remarks 442 Acknowledgments 445 Literature Cited 446 9. Snake Gourd and Pointed Gourd: Botany andHorticulture 457 L. K. Bharathi, T. K. Behera, A. K. Sureja, K. Joseph John, and Todd C. Wehner I. Introduction 459 II. The Genus Trichosantes 459 III. Snake Gourd 467 IV. Pointed Gourd 475 V. Future Prospects 484 Literature Cited 485 Subject Index 497 Cumulative Subject Index 499 Cumulative Contributor Index 533

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Pinhas Spiegel-Roy xiii Eliezer E. Goldschmidt 1. Ornamental Palms: Biology and Horticulture 1 T.K. Broschat, D.R. Hodel, and M.L. Elliott I. Introduction 3 II. Palm Biology 14 III. Palm Production 26 IV. Landscape Management 49 V. Interiorscape Management 61 VI. Palm Problems 66 Literature Cited 95 2. Nitric Oxide Applications for Quality Enhancement of Horticulture Produce 121 Girigowda Manjunatha, Veeresh Lokesh, Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne, Zora Singh, and Kapuganti J. Gupta I. Introduction 124 II. Nitric Oxide Chemistry and Biology 126 III. Nitric Oxide Effects on Postharvest Quality 131 IV. Nitric Oxide and Plant Hormones Cross Talk 135 V. Nitric Oxide in Disease Resistance 144 VI. Conclusions 146 Acknowledgments 147 Literature Cited 147 3. Molecular Regulation of Storage Root Formation and Development in Sweet Potato 157 V. Ravi, S.K. Chakrabarti, T. Makeshkumar, and R. Saravanan I. Introduction 158 II. Root System 161 III. Endogenous Growth Regulators Affecting Storage Root Formation and Development 163 IV. Storage Root Development 168 V. Gene Expression During Storage Root Formation and Development 169 VI. Conclusions and Prospects 187 Literature Cited 191 4. Foliar Anthocyanins: A Horticultural Review 209 Jennifer K. Boldt, Mary H. Meyer, and John E. Erwin I. Introduction 210 II. Coloration in Horticultural Crops 211 III. Anthocyanins in Flowers and Fruits 214 IV. Foliar Anthocyanins 215 V. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Regulation 217 VI. Environmental Factors and Anthocyanin Accumulation 222 VII. Physiological Functions in Leaves 228 VIII. Anthocyanins Affect Leaf Photosynthetic Rate 236 IX. Future Research 237 Literature Cited 239 5. Variability in Size and Soluble Solids Concentration in Peaches and Nectarines 253 John Lopresti, Ian Goodwin, Barry McGlasson, Paul Holford, and John Golding I. Introduction 255 II. Environment and Tree Management Effects on Variation in Fruit Size and Soluble Solids 257 III. Fruit Sink Strength and Dry Matter Accumulation 271 IV. Flesh Anatomy, Fruit Size and Soluble Solids 284 V. Conclusions 294 Acknowledgments 299 Literature Cited 299 6. Physiological Disorders of Mango Fruit 313 S. Shivashankar I. Introduction 314 II. Physiological Disorders 316 III. Storage Disorders 335 IV. Future Research Needs 338 Acknowledgments 341 Literature Cited 341 7. Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon: 120 Years of Research 349 Ray D. Martyn I. Introduction 351 II. Physiological Specilaization in F. oxysporum 355 III. Effects of Inoculum and Root-Knot Nematodes on Wilt Resistance 370 IV. Infection, Colonization, and Survival 374 V. Management of Fusarium Wilt 389 VI. Concluding Remarks 418 Literature Cited 420 Subject Index 443 Cumulative Subject Index 445 Cumulative Contributor Index 479

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Chad E. Finn xii John R. Clark 1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1 Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernandez, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. Both I. Introduction 5 II. Properties of LEDs 6 III. Design Considerations 11 IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16 V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18 VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19 VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60 VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62 IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63 X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65 XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66 XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72 Literature Cited 73 2. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89 Fernando A. Moreira I. Introduction 91 II. Botany and Horticulture 91 III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97 IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120 V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124 VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127 VII. Folk Taxonomy 131 VIII. Conclusion 135 Acknowledgments 137 Literature Cited 137 3. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145 Catherina M. O'Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-Bennett I. Introduction 146 II. Botany 148 III. Chemistry 155 IV. Control Measures 163 V. Commercial Potential 168 VI. Conclusions 172 Literature Cited 174 4. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185 Martine Dorais and Beatrix Alsanius I. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187 II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190 III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194 IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197 V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214 VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233 VII. Conclusion 238 Literature Cited 239 5. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269 Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. Lee I. Introduction 271 II. Ancient Roots 272 III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274 IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276 V. European Botanical Gardens 277 VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285 VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292 VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306 Literature Cited 308 6. The Future of Global Banana Production 311 Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. Evans I. Introduction 312 II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313 III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315 IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320 V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321 VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341 Literature Cited 343 Subject Index 353 Cumulative Subject Index 355 Cumulative Contributor Index 389

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Cary A. Mitchell xiii Robert J. Joly 1. Identification of Phytomorphs in the Voynich Codex 1 Arthur O. Tucker and Jules Janick I. Introduction and Historical Context 4 II. Phytomorph Identification 5 III. Sources and Techniques 58 Acknowledgments 60 Literature Cited 60 2. Urban Agriculture: Environmental, Economic, and Social Perspectives 65 Steve Hallett, Lori Hoagland, and Emily Toner I. Introduction 66 II. Historical Perspectives 68 III. Global Perspectives 72 IV. The Three Pillars of Sustainability 82 V. New Technologies 98 VI. Urban Agriculture and Food Systems 104 VII. Conclusions 107 Literature Cited 109 3. The Floriculture Vegetative Cutting Industry 121 James E. Faust, John M. Dole, and Roberto G. Lopez I. Scope of the Industry 123 II. Stock-Plant Production 126 III. Postharvest Handling and Physiology 137 IV. Cutting Management and Propagation 148 V. Case Studies 155 VI. Future Directions 162 Literature Cited 165 4. Orchid Biotechnology 173 Wagner A. Vendrame and Amir A. Khoddamzadeh I. Introduction 175 II. In Vitro Propagation Technology 178 III. Bioreactor Technology 193 IV. Synthetic Seed Technology (Synseed) 195 V. Cryopreservation Technology 198 VI. Summary and Conclusions 210 Literature Cited 211 5. Chilling Injury in Tomato Fruit 229 Palash Biswas, Andrew R. East, Errol W. Hewett, and Julian A. Heyes I. Introduction 231 II. Chilling Injury in Fruit 232 III. Chilling Injury Symptoms in Tomato 241 IV. Time-Temperature Thresholds for CI Symptoms 259 V. Concluding Remarks 264 Acknowledgment 265 Literature Cited 265 6. Oomycete Diseases of Cucurbits: History, Significance, and Management 279 Mohammad Babadoost I. Introduction 281 II. Oomycetes 282 III. Oomycete Diseases of Cucurbits and their Management 288 IV. Concluding Remarks 304 Literature Cited 306 7. Huanglongbing: Devastating Disease of Citrus 315 Greg McCollum and Elizabeth Baldwin I. Introduction to Citrus 317 II. Huanglongbing Disease 319 III. Changes Induced by CLas Infection 328 IV. Management Strategies to Minimize or Prevent HLB Disease 336 V. HLB Effects on Flavor and Postharvest Quality 345 VI. Conclusions 350 Literature Cited 352 8. Scab and Fire Blight of Apple: Issues in Integrated Pest Management 363 Janna L. Beckerman and George W. Sundin I. Introduction 364 II. IPM and Apple Scab 366 III. IPM and Fire Blight 375 IV. Conclusions and Future Trends 383 Acknowledgments 384 Literature Cited 385 Subject Index 391 Cumulative Subject Index 393 Cumulative Contributor Index 429

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Jules Janick xiii Ian Warrington 1. The Flowers of Fragaria x ananassa: Morphology, Response to Photoperiod, and Genetics of Induction 1 Andrew Petran and Emily Hoover I. Introduction 2 II. Strawberry Growth, Reproduction, and Commercial Management 2 III. Inflorescence Architecture 13 IV. Genetics of Flower Induction 16 V. Conclusions 26 Literature Cited 27 2. Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS): An Emerging Technology for Horticulture 33 James A. Robbins I. Introduction 35 II. Aircraft 36 III. Sensors and Data Processing 42 IV. Horticultural Applications 52 V. Challenges 61 VI. Conclusions 64 Literature Cited 64 3. Leaf Blackening: A Serious Impediment to Long-Term Cold Storage, Transport, and Extended Vase Life in Protea Cut Flowers 73 Eleanor W. Hoffman, Waafeka Vardien, Gerard Jacobs, and Nicole E. Windell I. Introduction 74 II. Variation in Expression of Leaf Blackening 76 III. Physiological Causes of Leaf Blackening 80 IV. The Biochemical Mechanisms of Leaf Blackening 87 V. Control of Leaf Blackening 90 VI. Conclusions 99 Literature Cited 100 4. Sapota (Manilkara achras Forb.): Factors Influencing Fresh and Processed Fruit Quality 105 Babak Madani, Amin Mirshekari, Elhadi Yahia, and John B. Golding I. Introduction 107 II. Nutritive Value 111 III. Physiological and Biochemical Changes During Fruit Maturation and Ripening 114 IV. Preharvest Effects on Postharvest Quality 120 V. Physiological Disorders 121 VI. Postharvest Diseases 122 VII. Postharvest Technology 123 VIII. Postharvest Treatments 126 IX. Non-Destructive Methods for Identifying Fruit Maturity and Quality 131 X. Processing 132 XI. Summary and Future Prospects 134 Literature Cited 136 5. The Citron (Citrus medica L.) in China 143 David Karp and Xulan Hu I. Introduction 145 II. History and Culture 145 III. Nomenclature 147 IV. Current Citron Cultivation in China 148 V. Major Cultivars of Chinese Citron and Select Citron Hybrids 158 VI. Germplasm Status
Regional and Global Perspective 190 Literature Cited 192 6. Apple Rootstocks: History, Physiology, Management, and Breeding 197 Richard P. Marini and Gennaro Fazio I. Introduction 198 II. History 199 III. Rootstock-Scion Interactions 204 IV. Stresses Influencing Rootstock Performance 225 V. Interstems 259 VI. Influence of Rootstock on Fruit Characteristics 262 VII. Genetics and Breeding 266 VIII. Rootstock Evaluation 277 Literature Cited 282 7. Canopy Growth and Development Processes in Apples and Grapevines: Responses to Temperature 313 Dennis H. Greer I. Introduction 315 II. Phenology 316 III. Dormant Buds in Apple Trees and Grapevines 317 IV. Winter Chilling in Apple Trees and Grapevines 319 V. Budbreak and Shoot Development in Apple Trees and Grapevines 320 VI. Fruit Growth 332 VII. Biomass Partitioning 338 VIII. Photosynthesis and the Carbon Economy 340 IX. Abiotic Stress Effects on Canopy Physiology 349 X. Impact of Climate Change on Phenology 355 XI. Conclusions 357 Literature Cited 358 8. Organic Acids in Fruits: Metabolism, Functions and Contents 371 Robert P. Walker and Franco Famiani I. Introduction 373 II. The Function of the Flesh of Fruits and its Implication for their Organic Acid Contents 375 III. Acids that Contain a Benzene Ring: The Aromatic Acids 377 IV. The Inter-Related Acids: Ascorbic, Oxalic, Tartaric, and Galacturonic 385 V. Fatty Acids 398 VI. Malic, Citric, and Metabolically Related Acids 399 VII. Conclusions 412 Literature Cited 413 Subject Index 431 Cumulative Subject Index 435 Cumulative Contributor Index 473

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Guglielmo Costa xiii A. Ross Ferguson 1. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic 1 Einat Shemesh-Mayer and Rina Kamenetsky Goldstein I. Introduction 2 II. Horticultural Diversity and Genetic Resources 3 III. Life Cycle and the Flowering Process 6 IV. Fertility Barriers 16 V. Unlocking Variability by Sexual Reproduction 24 VI. Concluding Remarks 29 Literature Cited 29 2. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks 39 Boris Basile and Theodore M. DeJong I. Introduction 40 II. Biological Complexity of Grafted Fruit Trees and Rootstock-Scion Interactions 42 III. Physiology of the Dwarfism Induced by Rootstocks in Fruit Trees 52 IV. Conclusions 81 Literature Cited 83 3. Turmeric: Botany and Production Practices 99 D. Prasath, K. Kandiannan, N.K. Leela, S. Aarthi,B. Sasikumar, and K. Nirmal Babu I. Introduction 102 II. Botany 104 III. Biochemistry 110 IV. Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding 116 V. Biotechnology 122 VI. Horticultural Management 133 VII. Postharvest Processing 154 VIII. Future Prospects 156 Literature Cited 157 4. Fruit Thinning: Advances and Trends 185 Guglielmo Costa, Alessandro Botton, and Giannina Vizzotto I. Introduction 186 II. Thinning 191 III. Abscission Physiology 206 IV. Future Perspectives 212 Literature Cited 217 5. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere): Perspectives from its Northwestern Range Limit 227 Emily K. Ellingson, Stan C. Hokanson, and James M. Bradeen I. Introduction and History 228 II. Ecology 232 III. Horticulture 239 IV. Conservation 243 V. Conclusion 246 Literature Cited 247 6. Apple Crop Load Management with Special Focus on Early Thinning Strategies: A US Perspective 255 Thomas M. Kon and James R. Schupp I. Introduction 256 II. Pruning to Reduce Crop Load 259 III. Blossom Thinners 263 IV. Integrated Crop Load Management Strategies 285 V. Conclusion 286 Acknowledgments 288 Literature Cited 289 7. Grow Us Our Daily Bread: A Review of Breadfruit Cultivation in Traditional and Contemporary Systems 299 Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Diane Ragone, Nyree J.C. Zerega Laura B. Roberts-Nkrumah, Mark Merlin, and A. Maxwell P. Jones I. Introduction 301 II. Botanical Classification 303 III. Origins 306 IV. Pacific Distribution 309 V. Archeological Evidence of Breadfruit 310 VI. Traditional Cultivation 311 VII. Traditional Uses 317 VIII. Historical Movement 320 IX. Climate, Range, and Ecology 323 X. Physiology 325 XI. Morphology 326 XII. Reproductive Biology 328 XIII. Growth and Development 330 XIV. Agronomy 336 XV. Diseases 351 XVI. Pests 360 XVII. Conclusions and Future Research Needs 363 Literature Cited 366 8. Kiwifruit Biology: The Commercial Implications of Fruit Maturation 385 Jeremy N. Burdon I. Introduction 386 II. Kiwifruit in Global Trade 387 III. Harvest Indices 389 IV. Fruit Development 391 V. Physical and Compositional Changes During Maturation 394 VI. What are we Missing About Fruit Maturation? 403 VII. Postharvest Performance 405 VIII. Commercial Implications of Understanding Maturation 410 IX. Concluding Comments 413 Acknowledgments 415 Literature Cited 415 Subject Index 423 Cumulative Subject Index 427 Cumulative Contributor Index 465

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Contributors ix Dedication: Theodore DeJong xi Ian Warrington 1. Molecular Physiology of Fruit Growth in Apple 1 Anish Malladi I. Introduction 2 II. Morphology and Anatomy of the Apple Fruit 2 III. Flower Growth Before Bloom 5 IV. Fruit Set 7 V. Fruit Growth 9 VI. Conclusions 31 Literature Cited 33 2. Mechanosensing of Plants 43 Marc-Andre Sparke and Jens-Norbert Wunsche I. Introduction 44 II. Thigmomorphogenesis 47 III. Natural and Artificial Induction of Thigmo Responses 48 IV. Morphological Plant Responses 50 V. Physiological Plant Responses - Cellular Signaling 57 VI. Molecular Aspects 69 VII. Application Strategies in Horticulture 70 VIII. Conclusions 72 Literature Cited 73 3. Microgreens: Definitions, Product Types, and Production Practices 85 Sven Verlinden I. Introduction 86 II. History of Immature Leafy Vegetables 92 III. Seedling Development in Other Crops - Growth and Development of Seedlings 94 IV. Production Strategies 96 V. Nutritional Value 104 VI. Microbiological Safety and Postharvest Biology and Technology 114 VII. Sensory Attributes and Qualities 117 VIII. Health Effects 117 IX. Future of Microgreens 118 Literature Cited 119 4. The Durian: Botany, Horticulture, and Utilization 125 Saichol Ketsa, Apinya Wisutiamonkul, Yossapol Palapol, and Robert E. Paull I. Introduction 127 II. Botany 140 III. Cultural Practices 149 IV. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value 173 V. Postharvest Physiology 177 VI. Harvesting and Postharvest Handling 184 VII. Utilization 192 VIII. Conclusions 195 Literature Cited 195 5. The genus Cupressus L.: Mythology to Biotechnology with Emphasis on Mediterranean Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) 213 Homayoun Farahmand I. Introduction 215 II. Cupressaceae (Geographical Distribution and Horticultural Importance) 215 III. The Genus Cupressus 216 IV. The Role of Mediterranean Cypress in Persian Gardens 249 V. Medicinal Values 252 VI. Breeding and Genetic Improvement 254 VII. Abiotic and Biotic Challenges 256 VIII. Conservation of Genetic Resources 261 IX. Conventional Propagation and Micropropagation 263 X. Biotechnology 265 XI. Conclusions 267 Literature Cited 268 6. Taxonomy and Botany of the Caricaceae 289 V.M. Badillo and Freddy Leal I. Introduction 290 II. History of the Papaya and Other Caricaceae 291 III. Taxonomic History 291 IV. New Proposals for the Taxonomy of Caricaceae 295 V. Botany of the Family and the Genera 297 VI. Concluding Comments 319 Literature Cited 320 7. Entomopathogens: Potential to Control Thrips in Avocado, with Special Reference to Beauveria bassiana 325 Gracian T. Bara and Mark D. Laing I. Introduction 326 II. Commercial Production in South Africa 328 III. Requirements for Export and Local Quality 329 IV. Economics of Avocado Production 329 V. Pests and Diseases of Avocado 330 VI. Thrips of Avocado 330 VII. Management of Thrips 333 VIII. Entomopathogens 336 IX. Conclusions 356 Literature Cited 357 Subject Index 369 Cumulative Subject Index 372 Cumulative Contributor Index 406

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