International economic institutions

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Bibliographic Information

International economic institutions

M.A.G. van Meerhaeghe

Kluwer Academic, 1992

6th ed

  • : alk. paper

Other Title

Internationale economische betrekkingen en instellingen

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Includes bibliographical references and indexes

Description and Table of Contents

Description

The text has again been brought up to date and extensively revised, especially the EC chapter. The chapter on the OECD has been transferred to Part One. The brought-up-to-date chapter on the CMEA has been maintained, but at the time ofwriting its abolition was still not decided. A new treaty on central andeasternEuropeancooperationwasnotyetapproved. My thanks are due to the persons listed below, who were kind enough to comment on the draft of certain chapters of part of chapters: my former students Mr Marc Quintyn of the International Monetary Fund and Luc Everaert of the World Bank, who - in addition - prepared information needed to bring the chapters concerned up to date, Dr Horst Bockelmann, economic adviser of the Bank for International Settlements. Mr J. Schotte of the Benelux secretariat, Mr Lars Erik P. Nordgaard of the EFTA Brussels Office. Of course, this does not necessarily imply that they share the conclu- sions of the chapters involved. Numerous international and national civil servants and libraries kindly answered my questions. I want to thank espe- Mr Jozef van den Broeck, head Information Office Belgium of the cially Commission of the European Communities, and Mr A. Carchon, conseiller d'AmbassadeBelgiumand thelibraryoftheBelgiancentralbank. I am very grateful to my wife, who has helped me at every stage of the preparation of this edition. She also undertook the compilation of the list of articles andtheindexes. MA. G. v. M.

Table of Contents

1. The United Nations (UN).- A. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).- B. Development assistance.- 1. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).- 2. The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF).- 2. The specialized agencies.- A. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).- B. The International Labour Organization (ILO).- C. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS).- 4. Regional integration.- A. Latin America.- 1. The Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI).- 2. The Mercado Comun Centroamericano (MCCA).- 3. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM).- 4. The Latin American Economic System (SELA).- B. Asia.- The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN).- C. Africa and the Middle East.- 1. The West African Economic Community (CEAO).- 2. The Mano River Union (MRU).- 3. The Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS).- 4. The Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC).- 5. Arab Economic Cooperation.- 5. Regional development banks.- A. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).- B. The Asian Development Bank (AsDB).- C. The African Development Bank (AfDB).- 6. Conclusion.- 1: World Organizations.- 1. The International Monetary Fund.- 1. Origins.- A. Plans.- B. Groups.- C. Amendments.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Capital.- C. Administration.- 1. The Board of Governors.- 2. The Council.- 3. The Executive Board.- 4. The Managing Director.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Financing of balance-of-payments deficits.- 1. Provisions.- a. The general resources.- b. Arrangements not on the account of the Fund.- c. Special Drawing Rights.- 2. Operation.- a. The general resources.- 1. The "tranche" decisions and stand-by arrangements.- Temporary facilities.- 2. The extended facility.- 3. The enlarged access.- 4. Financing for debt and debt-service reduction.- 5. Special facilities.- a. Compensatory and contingency financing facility.- b. Buffer stock financing.- b. Other resources for low-income members.- 1. The structural adjustment facility (SAF).- 2. The enhanced structure adjustment facility (ESAF).- c. Special Drawing Rights.- B. Exchange-rate stability.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Toward the EMS.- Exchange-rate arrangements.- C Currency convertibility.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Promotion of international cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Conservation (and increase) of resources.- 1. Provisions.- a. Charges and remunerations.- b. Repurchases.- c. Replenishment and scarce currency.- d. Gold sales.- 2. Operation.- a. Charges and remunerations.- b. Repurchases.- c. Replenishment and scarce currency.- The General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB).- d. Gold sales.- e. Income and reserves.- f. Inter-central bank cooperation.- Appraisal.- Credit granted too easily.- Undue preference to the less-developed countries.- The international monetary reserves.- SDR.- 2. The World Bank Group.- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.- 1. Objectives.- 2. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 3. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Capital subscriptions.- b. Sale of bonds.- c. Repayment of loans.- d. Sale of claims.- e. Net earnings.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Loans.- b. Guarantees.- c. Investments.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Technical assistance.- 1. Coordination of development assistance.- 2. The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).- 3. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).- The International Development Association.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- The International Finance Cooperation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Changing priorities.- Vain exercise.- The role of private capital.- The debt crisis.- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Elimination of discrimination.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Stabilization and reduction of import duties.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. The Kennedy Round.- b. The Tokyo Round.- c. The Uruguay Round.- C. Elimination of quantitative restrictions.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Combating other forms of protection.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Customs valuation.- b. Excise duties.- c. State trade.- d. Subsidies, anti-dumping and countervailing duties.- e. Other forms.- E. Consultations.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- F. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- a. Article 19.- b. Article 18.- c. Articles 20, 21 and 25,5.- 2. Operation.- a. Article 19.- b. Article 18.- c. Articles 21 and 25,5.- G. Action in favour of the less-developed countries.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Textiles.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Less-developed countries.- Conditions for further progress.- 4. The Commodity Agreements. the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad).- The commodity agreements.- 1. The Wheat Trade Convention.- 2. The International Sugar Agreement.- 3. The International Coffee Agreement.- 4. The International Cocoa Agreement.- 5. The International Tin Agreement.- 6. The International Natural Rubber Agreement.- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- The new international economic order.- 3. Organization.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Transfer of technology.- B. Trade in manufactures.- C. Shipping.- D. Commodities.- Appraisal.- 1. The commodity agreements.- Prices.- The method of stabilization.- Beneficiaries.- 2. UNCTAD.- 5. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Goods.- b. Invisible transactions.- c. Capital.- d. Multilateral settlements.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council.- 2. The Executive Committee.- 3. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. General economic policy.- b. Energy.- c. Environment.- d. Central and Eastern Europe.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Goods.- b. Invisible transactions.- c. Capital.- d. Multilateral settlements.- C. Relations with less-developed countries.- Appraisal.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 2: European Organizations.- 6. Benelux.- 1. Origins.- A. Preparatory phase.- B. Pre-Union.- C. Economic union.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Administration.- A. Executive institutions.- B. Consultative and arbitration bodies.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Liberalization of goods, services and capital.- 1. Goods.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Services.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 3. Capital.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- B. Free movement of persons.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- C. Coordination of economic policy.- 1. Abuse of economic power.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Agriculture.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 3. Investment.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 4. Transport.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 5. Monetary policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 6. Tax policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 7. Social security.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 8. External relations.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- D. Escape clauses.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Insufficient coordination of economic policy.- More interest in the EEC.- 7. Central and Eastern European Cooperation.- The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council Session.- 2. The Executive Committee.- 3. The Committees.- 4. The Standing Commissions.- 5. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation and integration.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Coordination of economic plans.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Joint undertakings.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Development of industry, agriculture and transport.- b. Financing of projects of common interest.- c. Exchange of scientific knowledge.- d. Trade in goods and services.- e. The International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC).- Appraisal.- Organization for International Economic Cooperation.- 8. The European Communities.- 1. Origins.- A. The European Coal and Steel Community.- B. The European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.- 2. Objectives.- A. TheECSC.- B. The EEC.- C. Euratom.- D. The subsidiarity principle.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council.- 2. The European Council.- 3. The Commission.- 4. The European Parliament.- 5. The Court of Justice.- 6. The Economic and Social Committee.- 7. The Consultative Committee (ECSC).- 4. Functions and operation.- A. The creation of a customs union.- 1. ECSC products.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Manufactures other than ECSC products.- a. Elimination of customs duties.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- b. Elimination of non-tariff barriers.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- c. Establishment of a common customs tariff.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- d. Establishment of a common commercial policy.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- 3. Agricultural products.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 1. Abolition of internal trade restrictions.- 2. Common market regulations.- 3. Monetary compensatory amounts.- 4. The Agriculture Fund.- B. The creation of an economic union.- 1. Free movement of persons and services.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Coordination of economic policies.- a. General economic policy.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- b. Balance-of-payments policy and monetary policy.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Very-short-term and short-term financing.- b. Medium-term support.- c. European units of account.- c. Competition policy.- 1. Provisions.- a. ECSC rules.- 1. Enterprises.- 2. Governments.- b. EEC rules.- 1. Enterprises.- 2. Dumping within the common market.- 3. Governments.- 2. Operation.- a. ECSC rules.- 1. Enterprises.- 2. Governments.- b. EEC rules.- 1. Enterprises.- 2. Governments.- 3. Transport policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 1. General policy.- 2. Road.- 3. Rail.- 4. Air.- 5. Sea.- d. Environmental policy.- Fisheries.- e. Violation of the subsidiarity principle.- 1. Direct tax policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Indirect taxation policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 3. Industrial policy.- Research and development policy.- 4. Regional policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 5. Social policy.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 6. Agricultural policy.- 3. Free movement of capital.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- C. Monetary union.- D. External relations.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. EFT A countries.- b. Former and present overseas territories of EC countries.- c. Central and eastern European countries.- E. Financing.- 1. The ECSC.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. The general budget of the Communities.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 3. The European Investment Bank.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- F. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Competition policy.- The tentacles of the octopus.- The purpose of the Community.- 9. The European Free Trade Association.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. The Council.- B. The Committees.- C. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Liberalization of trade.- 1. Scope.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Elimination of customs duties.- a. Provisions.- 1. Import duties.- 2. Export duties.- 3. Revenue duties.- b. Operation.- 1. Import duties.- 2. Export duties.- 3. Revenue duties.- 3. Elimination of quantitative restrictions.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 4. Goods from non-EFTA countries.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 5. Administrative and technical barriers to trade.- B. Establishment, liberalization of services and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Approximation of market conditions.- 1. Provisions.- a. Economic and financial policy.- b. Tax policy.- c. Competition policy.- 1. Restrictive business practices.- 2. Dumping.- 3. Government aids.- 4. Public undertakings.- 2. Operation.- a. Economic and financial policy.- Development aid.- b. Tax policy.- c. Competition policy.- 1. Restrictive business practices.- 2. Dumping.- 3. Government aids.- 4. Public undertakings.- D. Consultations and complaints procedure.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Conclusion.- Need for rationalization and escape clauses.- Voting power and economic order.- List of Articles.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.

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