The amniotic fluid compartment : the fetal habitat
Author(s)
Bibliographic Information
The amniotic fluid compartment : the fetal habitat
(Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, vol. 127)
Springer-Verlag, c1992
- : gw
- : us
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Note
Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-98) and index
Description and Table of Contents
Description
This work attempts to sketch a coherent picture of the amniotic fluid com partment, its borders, and the interactions occurring between fetus and amniotic fluid, for it is this compartment which for 10 months provides the habitat in which the fetus and its functions develop. As a matter of course, our mor phological studies had to be limited to the situation prevailing at the full term of pregnancy. This portrayal purposely neglects the placenta, which is already the subject of an extraordinary profusion of literature. The other aspects of the embryonic sac have been overshadowed to date by the preeminent role 2 of the placenta, although they represent around 1200cm of contact surface in the maternal compartment. From our point of view, the fetal membranes not only act as a seal or simply a diffusion barrier, but actively participate in the exchange processes between compartments. The author also took pains to compile (albeit incompletely) the widely scattered findings reported in clinical journals in order to present them as a well-rounded summary of the mor phological picture and the functional happenings involved in fetal develop ment. The author's own studies of a specifically histomorphological nature provided the groundwork for this synopsis. A special branch of embryology, embryonal physiology, is treated only incidentally in today's embryology textbooks. This work offers several encounters with this field, which should help make it the focus of greater interest. 2 Definition of Terms Fig. 1.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction.- 2 Definition of Terms.- 3 Evolutionary Biological Prerequisites.- 4 Development of the Amniotic Fluid Compartment in Humans.- 4.1 Formation of Fetal Membranes (Chorioamnion).- 5 Histogenesis of Human Embryonic Membranes.- 5.1 Histogenesis of the Amnion.- 5.2 Histogenesis of the Intermediate Layer (Spongy Layer).- 5.3 Histogenesis of the Chorion.- 5.4 Amniotic Fluid.- 6 Limitation of the Amniotic Fluid Compartment at Full Term.- 6.1 Amnion.- 6.1.1 Amniotic Epithelium.- 6.1.1.1 Nucleus.- 6.1.1.2 Cytoplasm.- 6.1.1.3 Special Forms.- 6.1.1.4 Cytochemical Findings.- 6.1.1.5 Cell Cluster.- 6.1.1.6 Placental and Umbilical Amnion.- 6.1.2 Interpretation of the Findings in the Amniotic Epithelium.- 6.1.3 Basement Membrane 1.- 6.1.4 Amniotic Connective Tissue.- 6.2 Intermediate Layer (Stratum Intermedium, Spongy Layer).- 6.3 Chorion.- 6.3.1 Chorionic Connective Tissue.- 6.3.2 Basement Membrane 2.- 6.3.3 Trophoblast.- 6.3.3.1 Form of the Trophoblast Cell.- 6.3.3.2 Histochemical Analysis of the Trophoblast Cells.- 6.3.3.3 Cell Cluster.- 6.3.3.4 Intercellular Space and Extracellular Matrix.- 6.3.4 Fetomaternal Contact Zone (Junctional Zone).- 6.3.5 Interpretation of Trophoblast Findings.- 6.4 Interpretation of Glycogen and Lipid Storage in the Fetal Membranes.- 7 Permeability of the Fetal Membranes.- 8 Mechanical Properties of the Fetal Membranes.- 8.1 Rupture of the Fetal Membranes.- 9 Amniotic Fluid.- 9.1 Cells of the Amniotic Fluid.- 9.2 Non-Cell Components of the Amniotic Fluid.- 9.3 Chemical Analysis of the Amniotic Fluid Content.- 10 Exchange of Amniotic Fluid and Interaction Between Fetus and Amniotic Fluid.- 10.1 Fetal Kidneys.- 10.2 Fetal Integument.- 10.3 Umbilical Cord and Placenta.- 10.4 Digestive Tract.- 10.5 Lung.- 10.6 Fetal Membranes and Paraplacental Transport.- 11 Regulatory Mechanism.- 12 Summary.- References.
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