Recovery from brain damage : research and theory

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Recovery from brain damage : research and theory

edited by Stanley Finger

Plenum Press, c1978

Available at  / 18 libraries

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Includes bibliographies and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

It has long been recognized that damage to the mammalian central nervous system may be followed by behavioral recovery, but only re- cently has close attention been directed to specific factors which may enhance or retard restitution. This is evident in the rapidly growing number of journal articles and scientific paper sessions dealing with "recovery of function," as well as in the publicity given by the popular press to some of the findings in this field. The present text seeks to examine the foundations of brain lesion research, to review recent material on a number of factors which ap- pear to contribute to recovery after brain damage, and to present mod- els which have been proposed to account for these effects. In order to best accomplish these goals, a number of key workers in these areas were asked to examine and describe research literatures dealing with specific problems or methodological manipulations associated with brain damage and behavior, using their own experiments and those of others to illustrate important points. In addition, significant interpre- tive and theoretical issues were to be evaluated in each chapter.

Table of Contents

I: The Domain of Brain-Lesion Research.- 1 The Logic of the Lesion Experiment and Its Role in the Neural Sciences.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conceptual and Methodological Problems: What Is a "Function"?.- 3. Reductionism and Metaphor in Physiological Psychology.- 4. The Surprising Source of Metaphors Used in Studying the Brain.- 5. Are Brains More or Less Easy to Analyze than Machines?.- 6. How to Infer Function from Behavioral Data (on Double Dissociation and Beyond).- 7. The Necessity of Theory.- 8. Perceiving Complex Systems.- 9. How to Pamper Your Perceptual System.- 10. The Qualitative Nature of Investigation.- 11. Emergence.- 12. References.- II: Species Variables.- 2 Generalizations in Neuropsychology.- 1. Class-Common Behavior.- 2. Class-Common Neural Mechanisms.- 3. Some Evidence for Class-Common Neural Mechanisms.- 3.1. The Phylogeny of Mammalian Vision.- 3.2. Ablation of Auditory Cortex.- 3.3. Encephalization of Motor Functions.- 3.4. The Frontal Cortex and Learning by Rats.- 3.5. Cerebral Asymmetry in Monkeys.- 4. Species-Specific Neural Mechanisms.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 3 The Interplay of Experimental and Clinical Approaches in Brain Lesion Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cortical Localization of Visual Function.- 2.1. Ferrier, Munk, and the Clinicians.- 2.2. Precise Localization of the Visual Center.- 2.3. Visual Agnosia.- 3. The Method of Double Sensory Stimulation.- 3.1. Jacques Loeb.- 3.2. Clinical Application.- 4. Concluding Comments.- 5. References.- III: Anatomical Response to CNS Injury.- 4 Lesion Experiments: Some Anatomical Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Anatomical Organization of the Brain: General Considerations.- 3. Gross Anatomical Considerations.- 4. Neuronal Response to Injury.- 5. Supporting Cell Response to Injury.- 6. Interpretive Problems.- 7. Summary and Comments.- 8. References.- 5 Brain Lesions: Induction, Analysis, and the Problem of Recovery of Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Induction of Lesions.- 2.1. Electrolytic Lesions.- 2.2. Mechanical Lesions.- 2.3. Chemical Lesions.- 3. Analysis of Neurological Effects of Lesions.- 3.1. Histological Analysis.- 3.2. Neurochemical Analysis.- 4. Recovery of Function: A Problem in the Analysis of Lesions.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- IV: Experimental Manipulations and Behavioral Recovery.- 6 Age, Brain Damage, and Performance.- 1. Age-Brain Damage Relationships.- 1.1. The Age Factor.- 1.2. Mechanisms of Recovery.- 1.3. Regional Brain Differences.- 1.4. Delayed Effects Following Brain Damage.- 2. Selected Studies of Age-Brain Damage Relationships.- 2.1. Decortication during Infancy.- 2.2. Subcortical Destruction during Infancy.- 2.3. Early Spinal Transection.- 3. The Future: Age-Brain Damage Relationships.- 3.1. Overview.- 3.2. Research Considerations.- 4. References.- 7 Lesion Momentum and Behavior.- 1. Clinical Observations.- 2. Animal Models.- 3. The Range of Serial-Lesion Effects.- 4. Prerequisite Conditions and Associated Factors.- 4.1. Duration of Interlesion Interval.- 4.2. Size of Each Serial Lesion.- 4.3. Ordering of the Lesions.- 4.4. Interoperative Testing and Training.- 4.5. Environmental and Pharmacological Effects.- 4.6. Postoperative Recovery Period.- 4.7. Age at Time of Surgery.- 4.8. Task Difficulty.- 4.9. Cortical versus Subcortical Structures.- 4.10. Species Differences.- 5. Neural Basis of Sparing and Recovery.- 6. Present and Future.- 7. References.- 8 Time and Recovery from Brain Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Correlates of Recovery.- 2.1. Time and Stimulation.- 2.2. Time as a Correlative Frame of Reference.- 2.3. Recoveries, Deficits, and Diaschisis.- 2.4. Reversible Processes in Long-Term Recovery.- 2.5. Conclusions.- 3. The Limits of Recovery: Methodological Considerations.- 3.1. Definitions.- 3.2. Two Consequences of Brain Damage.- 3.3. Confounding Time and Experience.- 3.4. Crowding the Limits: Long-Term Experiments.- 3.5. Criterial and Continuous Performance Measures.- 3.6. Time-Defined Sequelae of Recovery.- 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 9 Testing Procedures and the Interpretation of Behavioral Data.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Definitions of Stimulus and Response.- 3.1. The Stimulus.- 3.2. The Response.- 4. Level of Training.- 5. Level of Performance.- 6. Final Comments.- 7. References.- 10 Subtotal Lesions: Implications for Coding and Recovery of Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some "Nonsensory" Examples.- 3. Sensory Systems: Vision.- 3.1. Afferent Pathways.- 3.2. Organization of Central Visual Pathways.- 3.3. Geniculocortical System.- 3.4. Extrageniculostriate Visual System.- 3.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 4. Sensory Systems: Somesthesis.- 4.1. Peripheral Inputs.- 4.2. Afferent Pathways.- 4.3. Forebrain Areas.- 4.4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. Sensory Function: Audition.- 5.1. Frequency Discrimination.- 5.2. Localization.- 5.3. Conclusions.- 6. General Conclusions.- 7. References.- 11 Pharmacological Modification of Brain Lesion Syndromes.- 1. Methodological Considerations.- 2. Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome.- 3. Unilateral Nigrostriatal Lesions and Rotation.- 4. Lesions of the Medial Forebrain Bundle and Hyperalgesia.- 5. Septal-Rage Syndrome.- 6. Changes in Drug Sensitivity after Frontal Cortical Lesions.- 7. Degree of Functional Recovery and Amphetamine Sensitivity.- 8. Facilitation of Serial-Stage Savings.- 9. Clinical Implications.- 10. References.- 12 Environmental Attenuation of Brain-Lesion Symptoms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomical and Biochemical Correlates of Different Rearing Conditions.- 3. Rearing Conditions and Problem-Solving Performance.- 4. Environmental Modification of Brain-Lesion Syndromes: Empirical Findings.- 4.1. Prelesion Enrichment and Performance.- 4.2. Postlesion Enrichment and Performance.- 4.3. Interlesion Enrichment and Performance.- 5. Analysis of Brain-Lesion Studies.- 5.1. Task Variables.- 5.2. Environmental Variables.- 5.3. Surgical Variables.- 5.4. Species Variables.- 5.5. Comment.- 6. Theoretical Formulations.- 6.1. Behavioral Models.- 6.2. Anatomical Models.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 13 Sensory Restriction and Recovery of Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Deprivation.- 2.1. Functional Attributes of the Normal Adult and Neonatal Inexperienced Visual Cortex.- 2.2. Deprivation Experiments.- 3. Recovery of Function.- 3.1. Behavioral Recovery.- 3.2. Physiological Recovery.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- V: Accounting for Sparing and Restitution.- 14 Recovery after Brain Damage and the Concept of Localization of Function.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Problems of Definition.- 1.2. Recovery and Sparing.- 2. Structural Explanations of Recovery.- 2.1. Redundancy.- 2.2. Multiple Control.- 3. Process Approaches to Recovery.- 3.1. Functional Substitution.- 3.2. Plasticity, Radical Reorganization, and Reorganizational Compensation.- 4. Physiological Processes and Recovery.- 4.1. Diaschisis and Restitution of Function.- 4.2. Regenerative and Collateral Sprouting.- 4.3. "Relatively Inefficient" Synapses.- 4.4. Denervation Supersensitivity.- 5. Localization and Recovery of Function.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.- 15 Is Seeing Believing: Notes on Clinical Recovery.- 1. Cross-Cuing in the Split Brain.- 1.1. Somesthesia.- 1.2. Visual Functions.- 2. The Neurological Patient.- 2.1. Disorder in Manipulo-Spatial Skills.- 2.2. Disorders in Language.- 3. Summary.- 4. References.

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