Advances in space biology and medicine : a research annual

Author(s)

• Bonting, Sjoerd L.
• Cogoli, Augusto

Bibliographic Information

Advances in space biology and medicine : a research annual

editor, Sjoerd L. Bonting

JAI Press, 1991-

• v. 1 : 1991
• v. 2 : 1992
• v. 4 : 1994
• v. 5 : 1996
• v. 6 : 1997
• v. 7 : 1999

Other Title

Advances in space biology and medicine

Note

Includes bibliographical references and index

Vol. 8 (2002)- published: Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2002-

Prepared by :ed. by Cogoli, Augusto, vol. 8(2002)-

Vol. 8(2002)- 25 cm

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 6 : 1997 ISBN 9780762301478

Description

The sixth volume in Space Biology and Medicine is a volume with contributors from all spacefaring nations. Although all space agencies must currently operate under server budgetary restraints, progress in the field of space biology and medicine continues. The preparations for the International Space Station, in which Russia is going to participate with the United States, Europe, Japan, and Canada, are also continuing. For the longer term, studies for a Lunar Station are in progress. The contributions to this volume are witness of all these activities.Two chapters deal with the effects of weightlessness on the immune system. Taylor and colleagues review the effects in vivo, indicating a reduction of the immune function in space. The blunting of the immune function after short-term flights resembles that after acute stress on the ground, while long-term effects compare to those caused by chronic stress. Cogoli and Cogoli-Greuter describe studies on single cells, which show that proliferation and cytokine expression of T-lymphocytes are reduced in microgravity, possibly through a non-equilibrium thermodynamic effect.Preparation for long-term space missions is the express purpose of four contributions in this volume. Kanas considers the usefulness of space simulation studies by means of extended isolation and confinement on Earth, and points to be examined in future projects of this kind. Volumes 3 and 5 in this series were dedicated to two ESA projects of this nature. Grigoriev and Egorov describe a medical monitoring system for long-term missions. Schwartzkopf reports on the design of life support systems using plant cultivation for food and oxygen regeneration, with particular reference to a future Lunar base. Wolf describes a small-scale bioregenerative system based on an algal bioreactor.The use of medicinal drugs by astronauts is the subject of two chapters by Pavy-Le Traon, Saivin and colleagues. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics can be changed in weightlessness, and no suitable drug against bone demineralisation in space is available. The pharmacokinetics of drugs is also changed, mainly due to the fluid shift in space. Smith and colleagues provide a comprehensive review of our present knowledge of the regulation of body fluid volume and electrolyte levels and the hormonal regulation mechanisms involved. The effects of weightlessness on the function of the vestibular system, which are the cause of space motion sickness in astronauts during the first week in space, are reviewed by Kornilova.Finally there are two chapters on the effects of gravity on non-human creatures. Izumi-Kurotani describes behaviour and stature of frogs during spaceflight, as well as some histological and biochemical changes in organs and tissues after return to Earth. Merkys and Darginaviciene have studied the mechanism of the plant gravitropic response (spatial orientation along the gravity vector) in space an on Earth, and conclude that flows of calcium ions and the growth hormone indole acetic acid in opposite directions appear to be involved.

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to Volume 6 (S.L. Bonting). Changes in the Immune System during and after Spaceflight (G.R. Taylor, I. Konstantinova, G. Sonnenfeld, and R. Jennings). Activation and Proliferation of Lymphocytes and other Mammalian Cells in Microgravity (A. Cogoli and M. Cogoli-Greuter). Psycosocial Value of Space Simulation for Extended Spaceflight (N. Kanas). Pharmacology in Space: Pharmacotherapy (A.P. Traon, S. Saivin, C. Soulez-LaRiviere, M. Pujos, A. Guell, and G. Houin). Pharmacology in Space: Pharmacokinetics (S. Saivin, A.P. Traon, C. Soulez-LaRiviere, A. Guell, and G. Houin). Regulation of Body Fluid Volume and Electrolyte Concentrations in Spaceflight (S.M. Smith, J.M. Kraufs, and C.S. Leach). Medical Monitoring in Long-Term Space Missions (A.I. Grigoriev and A.D. Egorov). Frog Experiment Onboard Space Station MIR (A. Izumi-Kurotani, Y. Mogami, M. Okuno, and M. Yamshita). Plant Gravitropic Response (A. Merkys and J. Darginaviciene). Human Life Support for Advanced Space Exploration (S.H. Schwartzkopf). Bioregeneration with Maltose Excreting Chlorella: System Concept, Technological Development, and Experiments (L. Wolf). Vestibular Function and Sensory Interaction in Altered Gravity (L.N. Kornilova). Index.

Volume

v. 7 : 1999 ISBN 9780762303939

Description

During the past several years there has been a shortage of flight opportunities for biological and medical projects. And those that were available usually had severe restrictions on instrumentation, number of subjects, duration, time allotted for performing the experiments, a possibility for repetition of experiments. It is our hope and expectation that this will change once the international Space Station is in full operation. The advantages of a permanent space station, already demonstrated by the Russian Mir station, are continuous availability of expert crew and a wide range of equipment, possibility of long-term experiments where this is waranted, increased numbers of subjects through larger laboratory space, proper controls in the large 1-G centrifuge, easier repeatability of experiments when needed.The limited number of flight opportunities during recent years probably explains why it has taken so long to acquire a sufficient number of high quality contributions for this seventh volume of Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. While initially the series wassailed at annually appearing volumes, we are now down to a biannual appearance. Hopefully, it will be possible to return to annual volumes in the future when results from space station experimentation at beginning to pour in.The first three chapters of this volume deal with muscle. Fejtek and Wassersug provide a survey of all studies on muscle of rodents flown in space, and include an interesting demography of this aspect of space research. Riley reviews our current knowledge of the effects of long-term spaceflight and re-entry on skeletal muscle, and considers the questions still to be answered before we can be satisfied that long-term space missions, such as on the space station, can be safely undertaken. Stein reviews our understanding of the nutritional and hormonal aspects of muscle loss in spaceflight, and concludes that the protein loss in space could be deleterious to health during flight and after return. Strollo summarizes our understanding of the major endocrine systems on the ground, then considers what we know about their functioning in space, concluding that there is much to be learned about the changes taking place during spaceflight. The many problems of providing life support (oxygen regeneration and food supply) during extended stay on the Moon, on Mars, or in space by means of plant cultivation are discussed by Salisbury. The challenges of utilizing electrophoresis in microgravity for the separation of cells and proteins are illustrated and explained by Bauer and colleagues. Finally, the chapter on teaching of space life sciences by Schmitt shows that this field of science has come of age, but also that its multidisciplinary character poses interesting challenges to teaching it.

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to Volume 7 (S.L. Bonting). Survey of Studies on How Spaceflicht Affects Rodent Skeletal Muscle (M.B. Fejtek and R.J. Wasserung). Is Skeletal Muscle ready for Longterm Spaceflight and Return to Gravity? (D.A. Riley). Nutrition and Muscle Loss in Humans during Spaceflight (T.P. Stein). Hormonal Changes in Humans during Spaceflight (F. Strollo). Growing Crops for Space Explorers on the Moon, Mars or in Space (F.B. Salisbury). Electrophoresis in Space (J. Bauer, W.C. Humer, D.R. Morrison, H. Kobayashi, G.V.F. Seaman, and G. Weber). Teaching of Space Life Sciences (D.A. Schmitt, P. Francon, and P.H.U. Lee).

Volume

v. 1 : 1991 ISBN 9781559382960

Description

This first volume has contributions from the United States (4), the USSR (2), Europe (2), and Japan (1). They include studies of a fundamental biological problem aided by some space experiments, investigations of biological problems encountered in spaceflight, use of microgravity for a biotechnological purpose, and technical facilities developed for animal and cell research in space. Topics include: the effects of long-term space missions on the human body (Grigoriev, USSR); skeletal responses to microgravity (Morey-Holton an Arnaud, United States); gravity effects on animal reproduction, developments, and ageing (Miquel and Souza, Spain/United States); neurovestibular physiology in fish (Watanabe, Takabayashi, Tanaka, and Yanagihara, Japan); gravity perception and circulation in plants (Brown, United States); development of higher plants under altered gravitational conditions (Merkys and Laurniavcius, Lithunaia, USSR); gravity effects on single cells (Cogoli and Gmunder, Switzerland); protein crystal growth in space (Bonting, Kishiyama, and Arno, United States).

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to the Series (S.L. Bonting). The Effects of Prolonged Spaceflights on the Human Body (A.I. Grigoriev, and A.D. Egorov). Skeletal Responses to Spaceflight (E.R. Morey-Holton and S.B. Arnaud). Gravity Effects on Reprodution, Development, and Aging (J. Miquel and K.A. Souza). Neurovestibular Physiology in RSH (S. Watanabe, A. Takabayashi, M. Tanaka, and D. Yangihara). Gravity Perception and Circumnutation in Plants (A.H. Brown). Development of Higher Plants under Altered Gravitational Conditions (A. Merkys and R. Laurinavicius). Gravity Effects on Single Cells: Techniques, Findings, and Theory (A. Cogoli and F.K. Gmunder). Protein Crystal Growth in Space (L.J. DeLucas and C.E. Bugg). Facilities for Animal Research in Space (S.L. Bonting, J.S. Kishiyama, and R.D. Arno). Index.

Volume

v. 2 : 1992 ISBN 9781559384094

Description

This volume has contributions from the United States (3), Russia (2), and Europe (4). These contributions include investigations of biological problems encountered in spaceflight by humans, animals, plants, and single cells, as well as studies of a fundamental biological problem aided by space experiments. Two extensive chapters attempt to determine the mechanisms of the effects of long-term space missions on the human body (Grigoriev and Egorov, Russia), and the adaptative mechanisms operative in the human body under these conditions (same authors). Other chapters deal with ultrastructural observations of myocardial deconditioning (Philpott et al., United States), fluid and electrolyte regulation (Gharib and Hughson, France/Canada), human nutrition in space (Hinghofer-Szalkay and Konig, Austria), growth and cell division in plants (Krikorian et al., United States), mechanisms of the effects of gravity on single cells (Mesland, The Netherlands), orbital exobiology studies of the origin of life (Hornech and Brack, Germany/France), and my own contribution on the use of chemical sensors for space biomedical research and monitoring of water recycling.

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to Volume 2 (S.L. Bonting). General Mechanisms of the Effect of Weightlessness on the Human Body (A.I. Grigoriev and A.D. Egorov). Physiological Aspects of Adaptation of Main Human Body Systems during and after Spaceflights (A.I. Grigoriev and A.D. Egorov). Ultrastructural and Cellular Mechanisms in Myocardial Deconditioning in Weightlessness (D.E. Philpott, K. Kato, and J. Miquel). Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation in Space (C. Gharib and R.L. Hughson). Human Nutrition under Extraterrestrial Conditions (H.G. Hinghofer-Szalkay and E.M. Konig). Effects of Spaceflight on Growth and Cell Division in Higher Plants (A.D. Krikorian, H.G. Levine, R.P. Kann, and S.A. O'Conner). Mechanisms of Gravity Effects on Cells: Are there Gravity-Sensitive Windows? (D.A.M. Mesland). Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Distribution of Life with Emphasis on Exobiology Experiments in Earth Orbit (G. Horneck and A. Brack). Chemical Sensors for Space Applications (S.L. Bonting). Index.

Volume

v. 4 : 1994 ISBN 9781559384117

Description

This fourth volume in the series, dedicated entirely to the results of the first European study of the effects of long-term confinement and isolation. The volume continues to attempt to fulfill the aim of this series, to bring the findings and accomplishments in the field of space biology and medicine to a wider group of scientists than merely the relatively small group of biologists and physiologists currently involved in space experimentation. The contributions are not only nicely spread geographically with three chapters from the United States, two each from Russia, Europe, and Japan, they also offer a wide range of topics in the field, covering humans, animals , plants, cells, and even potential extraterrestrial beings. As before, not only problems investigated and results obtained are reviewed, but also some of the technical aspects peculiar to this field are treated. An example in this volume is the chapter on virtual environments by Ellis, which is meant to help investigators understand the opportunities that these techniques might offer for future investigations. In view of the limitations on flight opportunities and the constraints still inherent in orbital experimentation, it is also important to consider the information that can be obtained from studies on the ground. In addition to simulation studies like bed rest for human subjects (see the chapter by Edgerton et al. on neuromuscular adaptation), tail suspension of rats, and plants on a clinostat (see the chapter by Masuda et al.), there is the interesting possibility of using gravitropic mutants for studying the effects of weightlessness on plant growth as described by Takahashi and Suge. Two chapters are devoted to a review of the results on rats flown on nine Cosmos biosatellite flights between 1973 and 1989: the chapter by Krasnow deals with the neuromorphological effects of micro- and hypergravity; that by Popova and Grigoriev with the metabolic effects of spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on heart and lung function in humans are reviewed in detail by Bonde-Petersen and Linnarson. While the study of humans, animals, and plants in spaceflight have taught us much about the effects of the space environment on living organisms, we still have a very limited understanding of the mechanisms operating in these effects. The chapter by Rijken et al. on the effects of gravity on the cellular response to epidermal growth factor demonstrates how, by a judicious use of experiments on the ground and in sounding rockets, the mechanism of a microgravity effect on cell growth could be unravelled. The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe has intrigued mankind for a long time. In the chapter by Coulter et al. on NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey the project to search for the existence of such life is described. The postscript to this chapter tells how through an unfortunate decision of the U.S. Congress this project after a successful start is threatened with an untimely ending.

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to Volume 4 (S.L. Bonting). The Physiological Basis for the Influence of Weightlessness on Heart and Lungs (F. Bonde-Petersen and D. Linnarsson). Neuromuscular Adaptation to Actual and Simulated Weightlessness (V.R. Edgerton and R.R. Roy). Metabolic Effects of Spaceflight: Cosmos Missions Overview (I.A. Popova and A.I. Grigoriev). Gravitational Neuromorphology (I.B. Krasnov). Plant Responses to Simulated Microgravity (Y. Masuda, S. Kamisaka, R. Yamamoto, T. Hoson, and K. Nishitani). Gravitropic Mutants in Studying Plant Growth in Space (H. Takahashi and H. Suge). Effects of Gravity on the Cellular Response to Epidermal Growth Factor (P.J. Rijken, J. Boonstra, A.J. Verkleij, and S.W. de Laat). Searching for Intelligent Life in the Universe: Nasa's High Resolution Microwave Survey (G.R. Coulter, M.J. Klein, P.R. Backus, and J.D. Rummel). Virtual Environments: New Media for Spatial Information (S.R. Ellis). Index.

Volume

v. 5 : 1996 ISBN 9781559389709

Description

The fifth volume in this series, Space Biology and Medicine, is another special volume, this time dedicated entirely to the results of the second European study of the effects of long-term confinement and isolation, called EXEMSI. This projects was also sponsored by the European Space Agency's Long-Term Programme Office, Directorate of Space Station and Microgravity, in preparation for its long-term manned space missions, in particular its planned participation in the International Space Station through the Columbus program.The aim was to come closer to a space station situation that in the ISEMSI mission. This was achieved by five measures: (1) crew selection was performed by the European Astronauts Centre (EAC), (2) duration was extended to 60 days, (3) mixed crew of three males and one female was employed, (4) isolation facility resembled a space station in size and in having separate habitat, laboratory and storage modules, and (5) communication between crew and outside world was like that between a space station and a ground control center.The primary purpose of EXEMSI was to achieve a better understanding of the physiological, psychological, and sociological effects of long-term isolation and confinement of a small crew group under conditions similar to those that may be expected to exist for a space station crew. The secondary purpose was to acquire experience in the operational aspects of a future space station mission. Included were also items like verification of the test criteria for European astronaut selection, and study of the nutritional requirements of space station crews.The workload of the crew consisted of an extensive battery of psychological and physiological experiments, of housekeeping duties, and of additional space-related experiments. The nature and the results of these activities are described in this volume. The list of contents indicates the wide range of topics studied: physiological aspects as body weight and body composition, hormonal and water balance, nutritional status, immune function, cardiovascular and respiratory function, brain electrical activity; psychological aspects as group dynamics and crew interaction, communication, spatial behaviour, work capability, mental performance and attention, and cognitive fatigue. Additional experiments cover important topics like telemedical diagnosis and treatment, telescience, and operation of an algal bioregeneration system. The volume is concluded by two chapters in which the lessons learned are critically considered.This material should offer the reader a rather comprehensive view of the psychophysiological aspects of the confinement and isolation inherent in long-term space mission, missions which may be expected to become commonplace in the next decades. The results of this study and further studies of this nature should not only benefit future astronauts and assist those who are organizing long-term manned space missions, but should also be useful to investigators who are planning crew-operated experiments to be carried out during such missions.

Table of Contents

Contents. List of Contributors. Introduction to Volume 5 (S.L. Bonting). Exemsi: The Second European Simulation of a Long-Duration Mannes Space Mission (J. Collet and R.J. Vaernes). Exemsi: Description of Facilities, Organization, Crew Selection, and Operational Aspects (R.J. Vaernes). Body Weight and Body Composition during Sixty Days of Isolation (H.Chr. Gunga, K.A. Kirsch, L. Rocker, A. Maillet, and C. Gharib). Hormonal, Water Balance, and Electrolyte Changes during Sixty-Day Confinement (A. Maillet, S. Normand, H.C. Gunga, A.M. Allevard, J.M. Cottet-ERnard, E. Kihm, F. Strollo, C. Pachiaudi, K.A. Kirsch, C.A. Bizollon, G. Gauquelin, and C. Gharib). Food Intake and Nutritional Status during Exemsi (H. Milon, B. Decardi, A. Adine, and E. Kihm). Neuroendocrine System and Immune Responses after Confinement (D. Husson, M. Abbal, M. Tafani, and D.A. Schmitt). Local Immunocompetence and Salivary Cortisol in Confinement (J. Hennig and P. Netter). Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses during a Complex Decision-Making Task under Prolonged Isolation (C.J.E. Wientjes, J.A. Veltman, and A.W.K. Gaillard). Performance and Brain Electrical Activity during Prolonged Confinement (B. Lorenz, J. Lorenz, and D. Manzey). Attention and Mental Performance in Confinement: Evidence from Cognitive Psychophysiology (A. Mecklinger, A.D. Friederici, and T. Gussow). Simulations of Circadian System and Vigilance during Space Missions (P. Achermann and A.A. Borbely). Crew Compatibility and Interaction (G.M. Sandal, R. Vaernes, and H. Ursin). Group Dynamics and Crew Interaction during Isolation (K.N. Eskov, M.A. Novikov, A.G. Viknokhodova, and V.N. Bricksin). Group Dynamics during the Exemsi Isolation Study (C. Cazes, E. Rosnet, C. Bachelard, C. Le Scanff, and J. Rivolier). Ethological Analysis of Crew Member Behavior: Distances, Orientations, and Postures (C. Tafforin). Psychological Evaluation and Support during Exemsi (V.I. GUshin, T.B. Kolinitchenko, V.A. Efimov, and C. Davies). Work Capability during Isolation (V.I. Gushin, V.A. Efimov, and T.M. Smirnova). Cognitive Fatigue and Complex Decision making under Prolonged Isolation and Confinement (G.R.J. Hockey and J. Sauer). Similarities between Sustained Sport Performance and Behavior in Extended Spaceflights (G. Gillot, N. Kane-Toure, and S. Mahiddine). Bioregeneration in Space (L. Wolf). Operational Evaluation of the Exemsi Project (J.R. Kass, F. Ellmers, and J. Schiemann). Lessons learned from Isemsi and Exemsi (R.J. Vaernes). Index.

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Details

• NCID: BA20800761
• ISBN:
  • 1559382961
  • 1559384093
  • 1559384115
  • 1559389702
  • 0762301473
  • 076230393X
• Country Code: uk
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: Greenwich, Connecticut ; London
• Pages/Volumes: v.
• Size: 24 cm