Liver
Author(s)
Bibliographic Information
Liver
(Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie. Heffter-Heubner, v. 16 . Experimental production of diseases ; pt. 5)
Springer-Verlag, 1976
- : us
- : gw
Available at 19 libraries
  Aomori
  Iwate
  Miyagi
  Akita
  Yamagata
  Fukushima
  Ibaraki
  Tochigi
  Gunma
  Saitama
  Chiba
  Tokyo
  Kanagawa
  Niigata
  Toyama
  Ishikawa
  Fukui
  Yamanashi
  Nagano
  Gifu
  Shizuoka
  Aichi
  Mie
  Shiga
  Kyoto
  Osaka
  Hyogo
  Nara
  Wakayama
  Tottori
  Shimane
  Okayama
  Hiroshima
  Yamaguchi
  Tokushima
  Kagawa
  Ehime
  Kochi
  Fukuoka
  Saga
  Nagasaki
  Kumamoto
  Oita
  Miyazaki
  Kagoshima
  Okinawa
  Korea
  China
  Thailand
  United Kingdom
  Germany
  Switzerland
  France
  Belgium
  Netherlands
  Sweden
  Norway
  United States of America
Note
Includes bibliographies and index
Description and Table of Contents
Table of Contents
- Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- A. Introductory Considerations.- B. Historical Aspects.- C. Relevance of Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- D. Vulnerability of the Liver to Toxic Injury.- I. Concentration of Agents in Liver.- II. Liver as Portal to Tissues.- III. Metabolism of Foreign Compounds.- IV. Enzyme Induction.- V. Factors That Modify Susceptibility.- 1. Species.- 2. Age.- 3. Sex and Other Endocrine Factors.- 4. Nutritional State.- E. Types of Experimental Models.- I. Whole Animals.- 1. Parameters of Injury.- 2. Histology.- 3. Chemical Changes in Hepatic Tissue.- 4. Physiological and Biochemical Measure of Hepatic Function and Injury.- II. In Vitro Models.- 1. Liver Perfusion.- 2. Tissue Homogenates and Slices.- 3. Hepatocyte Suspensions.- 4. Organelles.- 5. Nuclear Components.- F. Types of Toxic Hepatic Injury.- I. Changes Observed by Light Microscopy.- 1. Acute Hepatic Injury.- 2. Chronic Hepatic Injury.- 3. Carcinogenesis.- G. Classification of Hepatotoxins.- I. Intrinsic Hepatotoxins.- II. Hepatic Injury Owing to Host Idiosyncracy.- H. Direct Hepatotoxins.- I. Carbon Tetrachloride.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Factors in Susceptibility.- 5. Experimental Injury.- 6. Evolution of Hepatic Injury.- 7. Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Alcohol and Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity.- 9. Chronic Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride.- a) Cirrhosis.- b) Carcinogenesis.- 10. Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- II. Phosphorous.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- a) Histopathology.- b) Blood Changes.- 3. Experimental Animals and Susceptibility.- 4. Acute Toxicity.- 5. Chronic Toxicity.- 6. Mechanism of Injury.- I. Indirect Hepatotoxins.- I. Cytotoxic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Types of Injury.- 2. Mechanisms.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Ethionine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Form of Hepatic Injury.- 5. Thioacetamide.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 6. Dialkylnitrosamines.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- e) Metabolism of DMN and Mechanism of Injury.- 7. Tannic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Factors in Susceptibility.- f) Acute Injury.- g) Chronic Toxicity.- h) Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Aflatoxins.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Sources.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Hepatic Injury.- f) Mechanism of Hepatic Injury.- 9. Pyrrolidizine Alkaloids.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Experimental Toxicity.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- 10. Hepatotoxic Principles of Mushrooms.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics of Toxic Principles.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxicity for Humans.- e) Experimental Studies.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- g) Prevention of Toxicity.- 11. Galactosamine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 12. Orotic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Injury.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- II. Cholestatic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Icterogenin.- a) Chemical Properties.- b) Experimental Models.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- 2. Sporidesmin.- 3. ?-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT).- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Experimental Models.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Toxic Effects.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- K. Concluding Comments.- I. Toxins of Living Origin.- II. Toxins of Non-Living Origin.- Appendix. Meaning of Abbreviations.- References.- Liver Disease Due to Infection and Allergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Liver Disease Due to Infection.- I. Multicellular Parasites.- 1. Cestodes.- 2. Trematodes (Flukes).- 3. Nematodes.- II. Protozoa.- 1. Malaria.- 2. Amoebiasis.- 3. Toxoplasmosis.- III. Mycoses.- 1. Actinomycosis.- 2. Blastomycosis.- 3. Coccidioidomycosis.- 4. Cryptococcosis.- 5. Histoplasmosis.- 6. Candidiasis.- 7. Mucormycosis.- IV. Bacteria.- 1. Pneumococcus.- 2. Staphylococcus.- 3. Streptococcus.- 4. Gonococcus.- 5. E. coli.- 6. Salmonellae.- 7. Shigella.- 8. Brucella.- 9. Minor Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.- 10. Clostridia.- 11. Tuberculosis.- 12. Leprosy.- 13. Tularaemia.- 14. Leptospirosis.- 15. Syphilis.- V. Rickettsia.- Q Fever.- VI. Viruses (Excluding Classical Hepatitis Viruses A and B).- 1. Infectious Mononucleosis.- 2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV).- 3. Herpes Simplex.- 4. Psittacosis.- 5. Reovirus.- 6. Rubella.- 7. Varicella.- 8. Adenovirus.- 9. Coxsackie Viruses.- 10. Yellow Fever.- 11. "Marburg Virus" Disease.- 12. "Candidate"Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- A. Introductory Considerations.- B. Historical Aspects.- C. Relevance of Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- D. Vulnerability of the Liver to Toxic Injury.- I. Concentration of Agents in Liver.- II. Liver as Portal to Tissues.- III. Metabolism of Foreign Compounds.- IV. Enzyme Induction.- V. Factors That Modify Susceptibility.- 1. Species.- 2. Age.- 3. Sex and Other Endocrine Factors.- 4. Nutritional State.- E. Types of Experimental Models.- I. Whole Animals.- 1. Parameters of Injury.- 2. Histology.- 3. Chemical Changes in Hepatic Tissue.- 4. Physiological and Biochemical Measure of Hepatic Function and Injury.- II. In Vitro Models.- 1. Liver Perfusion.- 2. Tissue Homogenates and Slices.- 3. Hepatocyte Suspensions.- 4. Organelles.- 5. Nuclear Components.- F. Types of Toxic Hepatic Injury.- I. Changes Observed by Light Microscopy.- 1. Acute Hepatic Injury.- 2. Chronic Hepatic Injury.- 3. Carcinogenesis.- G. Classification of Hepatotoxins.- I. Intrinsic Hepatotoxins.- II. Hepatic Injury Owing to Host Idiosyncracy.- H. Direct Hepatotoxins.- I. Carbon Tetrachloride.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Factors in Susceptibility.- 5. Experimental Injury.- 6. Evolution of Hepatic Injury.- 7. Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Alcohol and Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity.- 9. Chronic Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride.- a) Cirrhosis.- b) Carcinogenesis.- 10. Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- II. Phosphorous.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- a) Histopathology.- b) Blood Changes.- 3. Experimental Animals and Susceptibility.- 4. Acute Toxicity.- 5. Chronic Toxicity.- 6. Mechanism of Injury.- I. Indirect Hepatotoxins.- I. Cytotoxic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Types of Injury.- 2. Mechanisms.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Ethionine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Form of Hepatic Injury.- 5. Thioacetamide.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 6. Dialkylnitrosamines.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- e) Metabolism of DMN and Mechanism of Injury.- 7. Tannic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Factors in Susceptibility.- f) Acute Injury.- g) Chronic Toxicity.- h) Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Aflatoxins.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Sources.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Hepatic Injury.- f) Mechanism of Hepatic Injury.- 9. Pyrrolidizine Alkaloids.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Experimental Toxicity.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- 10. Hepatotoxic Principles of Mushrooms.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics of Toxic Principles.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxicity for Humans.- e) Experimental Studies.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- g) Prevention of Toxicity.- 11. Galactosamine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 12. Orotic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Injury.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- II. Cholestatic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Icterogenin.- a) Chemical Properties.- b) Experimental Models.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- 2. Sporidesmin.- 3. ?-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT).- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Experimental Models.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Toxic Effects.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- K. Concluding Comments.- I. Toxins of Living Origin.- II. Toxins of Non-Living Origin.- Appendix. Meaning of Abbreviations.- References.- Liver Disease Due to Infection and Allergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Liver Disease Due to Infection.- I. Multicellular Parasites.- 1. Cestodes.- 2. Trematodes (Flukes).- 3. Nematodes.- II. Protozoa.- 1. Malaria.- 2. Amoebiasis.- 3. Toxoplasmosis.- III. Mycoses.- 1. Actinomycosis.- 2. Blastomycosis.- 3. Coccidioidomycosis.- 4. Cryptococcosis.- 5. Histoplasmosis.- 6. Candidiasis.- 7. Mucormycosis.- IV. Bacteria.- 1. Pneumococcus.- 2. Staphylococcus.- 3. Streptococcus.- 4. Gonococcus.- 5. E. coli.- 6. Salmonellae.- 7. Shigella.- 8. Brucella.- 9. Minor Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.- 10. Clostridia.- 11. Tuberculosis.- 12. Leprosy.- 13. Tularaemia.- 14. Leptospirosis.- 15. Syphilis.- V. Rickettsia.- Q Fever.- VI. Viruses (Excluding Classical Hepatitis Viruses A and B).- 1. Infectious Mononucleosis.- 2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV).- 3. Herpes Simplex.- 4. Psittacosis.- 5. Reovirus.- 6. Rubella.- 7. Varicella.- 8. Adenovirus.- 9. Coxsackie Viruses.- 10. Yellow Fever.- 11. "Marburg Virus" Disease.- 12. "Candidate"Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- A. Introductory Considerations.- B. Historical Aspects.- C. Relevance of Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- D. Vulnerability of the Liver to Toxic Injury.- I. Concentration of Agents in Liver.- II. Liver as Portal to Tissues.- III. Metabolism of Foreign Compounds.- IV. Enzyme Induction.- V. Factors That Modify Susceptibility.- 1. Species.- 2. Age.- 3. Sex and Other Endocrine Factors.- 4. Nutritional State.- E. Types of Experimental Models.- I. Whole Animals.- 1. Parameters of Injury.- 2. Histology.- 3. Chemical Changes in Hepatic Tissue.- 4. Physiological and Biochemical Measure of Hepatic Function and Injury.- II. In Vitro Models.- 1. Liver Perfusion.- 2. Tissue Homogenates and Slices.- 3. Hepatocyte Suspensions.- 4. Organelles.- 5. Nuclear Components.- F. Types of Toxic Hepatic Injury.- I. Changes Observed by Light Microscopy.- 1. Acute Hepatic Injury.- 2. Chronic Hepatic Injury.- 3. Carcinogenesis.- G. Classification of Hepatotoxins.- I. Intrinsic Hepatotoxins.- II. Hepatic Injury Owing to Host Idiosyncracy.- H. Direct Hepatotoxins.- I. Carbon Tetrachloride.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Factors in Susceptibility.- 5. Experimental Injury.- 6. Evolution of Hepatic Injury.- 7. Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Alcohol and Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity.- 9. Chronic Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride.- a) Cirrhosis.- b) Carcinogenesis.- 10. Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- II. Phosphorous.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- a) Histopathology.- b) Blood Changes.- 3. Experimental Animals and Susceptibility.- 4. Acute Toxicity.- 5. Chronic Toxicity.- 6. Mechanism of Injury.- I. Indirect Hepatotoxins.- I. Cytotoxic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Types of Injury.- 2. Mechanisms.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Ethionine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Form of Hepatic Injury.- 5. Thioacetamide.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 6. Dialkylnitrosamines.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- e) Metabolism of DMN and Mechanism of Injury.- 7. Tannic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Factors in Susceptibility.- f) Acute Injury.- g) Chronic Toxicity.- h) Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Aflatoxins.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Sources.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Hepatic Injury.- f) Mechanism of Hepatic Injury.- 9. Pyrrolidizine Alkaloids.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Experimental Toxicity.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- 10. Hepatotoxic Principles of Mushrooms.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics of Toxic Principles.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxicity for Humans.- e) Experimental Studies.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- g) Prevention of Toxicity.- 11. Galactosamine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 12. Orotic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Injury.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- II. Cholestatic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Icterogenin.- a) Chemical Properties.- b) Experimental Models.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- 2. Sporidesmin.- 3. ?-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT).- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Experimental Models.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Toxic Effects.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- K. Concluding Comments.- I. Toxins of Living Origin.- II. Toxins of Non-Living Origin.- Appendix. Meaning of Abbreviations.- References.- Liver Disease Due to Infection and Allergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Liver Disease Due to Infection.- I. Multicellular Parasites.- 1. Cestodes.- 2. Trematodes (Flukes).- 3. Nematodes.- II. Protozoa.- 1. Malaria.- 2. Amoebiasis.- 3. Toxoplasmosis.- III. Mycoses.- 1. Actinomycosis.- 2. Blastomycosis.- 3. Coccidioidomycosis.- 4. Cryptococcosis.- 5. Histoplasmosis.- 6. Candidiasis.- 7. Mucormycosis.- IV. Bacteria.- 1. Pneumococcus.- 2. Staphylococcus.- 3. Streptococcus.- 4. Gonococcus.- 5. E. coli.- 6. Salmonellae.- 7. Shigella.- 8. Brucella.- 9. Minor Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.- 10. Clostridia.- 11. Tuberculosis.- 12. Leprosy.- 13. Tularaemia.- 14. Leptospirosis.- 15. Syphilis.- V. Rickettsia.- Q Fever.- VI. Viruses (Excluding Classical Hepatitis Viruses A and B).- 1. Infectious Mononucleosis.- 2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV).- 3. Herpes Simplex.- 4. Psittacosis.- 5. Reovirus.- 6. Rubella.- 7. Varicella.- 8. Adenovirus.- 9. Coxsackie Viruses.- 10. Yellow Fever.- 11. "Marburg Virus" Disease.- 12. "Candidate" Human Hepatitis Viruses.- VII. Granulomatous Liver Disease.- 1. Granulomatous Response in Liver to Specific Infections.- 2. Granulomatous Response in Liver in Drug Allergy.- 3. Sarcoidosis of the Liver.- 4. Granulomatous Hepatitis of Unknown Origin.- C. Classical Human Viral Hepatitis.- I. History.- 1. Infectious and Serum Hepatitis.- 2. The Willowbrook Studies-MS-1 and MS-2 Sera.- 3. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 4. Association of Hepatitis B Antigen with Serum Hepatitis.- 5. Hepatitis A Antigen.- II. Features of Viral Hepatitis, Types A and B.- 1. Clinical Features.- 2. Biochemical Features.- 3. Immunological Features.- 4. Histological Features.- III. Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Modes of Spread.- 3. Transfusion-Associated Hepatitis (Non A-Non B).- IV. Sequelae of Hepatitis.- 1. Differences for Type A and Type B Hepatitis.- 2. Mortality and Morbidity.- 3. Chronic Persisting Hepatitis.- V. Characteristics and Disease Associations of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg).- 1. Serological Demonstration.- 2. Electron Microscopy.- 3. Chemical Components of HBAg.- 4. Immunochemical Analyses-Subspecificities.- 5. HBAg in the Liver.- 6. HBAg Outside the Liver-Immune Complexes.- 7. Non-Correlation between HBsAg in Serum and Presence and Type of Liver Disease.- 8. HBAg Associated Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Immune Response to HBAg.- 10. HBAg-A Unique Particle.- 11. Immune Aberrations and Persistence of Hepatitis B.- VI. Infection of Animals with Hepatitis Viruses.- 1. Viral Hepatitis in Animals.- 2. Human Hepatitis A Infection of Marmosets.- 3. Hepatitis B in Non-Human-Primates.- D. Liver Disease Associated with Autoimmune Reactions.- I. History.- II. Autoimmune "Lupoid" Type of Chronic Hepatitis.- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical and Haematological Features.- 4. Histopathological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement in Chronic Hepatitis.- 7. Damage by Immune Complexes.- 8. Cell Mediated Immunity in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Disease Associations in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 10. Genetic Aspects of Chronic Hepatitis.- 11. Anti-Immune Drugs in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis.- III. Autoimmune Cholangitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical Features.- 4. Histological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement.- 7. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8. Disease Associations.- 9. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 10. Genetic Determinant of PBC and Mitochondrial Antibody.- E. Experimental Models of Chronic Hepatitis.- I. Immune Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Immunization with Liver in Freund's Complete Adjuvant.- 2. Damage by Allogeneic Cells.- 3. Damage by Antigen-Antibody Complexes.- II. Viral Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Aleutian Mink.- 2. Canine Hepatitis Virus.- 3. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) Virus.- 4. Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) Virus.- 5. Reovirus 3.- 6. Liver Disease in New Zealand Black (NZB) Mice.- F. Liver Diseases Associated with Drug Reactions.- I. Differentiation and Types of Drug Associated Liver Injury.- II. Allergic Cholangitis.- 1. Acute Allergic Cholangitis.- 2. Chronic Allergic Cholangitis.- III. Allergic Hepatitis.- 1. Acute Hepatitic Reactions.- 2. Chronic Hepatitic Reactions.- IV. Granulomatous Hepatic Reactions.- V. Specific Drugs.- 1. Iproniazid (Marsalid).- 2. Isoniazid.- 3. Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride (Pyridium).- 4. Diphenyl Hydantoin.- 5. Sulphonamides.- 6. Penicillin and Oxacillin.- 7. Erythromycin Ester.- 8. Halothane.- 9. Oxphenisatin.- 10. Alpha Methyl Dopa ("Aldomet").- 11. Aspirin.- 12. Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS).- VI. Immunological Basis of Allergic Liver Injury.- 1. Acute Reactions.- 2. Drug-Induced Hepatitis with Autoimmune Markers.- 3. Experimental Models of Allergic Hepatitis.- G. Conclusion: Immunology and the Liver.- I. Immune Deficiency.- 1. Phagocytic function.- 2. Immunocyte function.- II. "Hypersensitivity"#8221
- Human Hepatitis Viruses.- VII. Granulomatous Liver Disease.- 1. Granulomatous Response in Liver to Specific Infections.- 2. Granulomatous Response in Liver in Drug Allergy.- 3. Sarcoidosis of the Liver.- 4. Granulomatous Hepatitis of Unknown Origin.- C. Classical Human Viral Hepatitis.- I. History.- 1. Infectious and Serum Hepatitis.- 2. The Willowbrook Studies-MS-1 and MS-2 Sera.- 3. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 4. Association of Hepatitis B Antigen with Serum Hepatitis.- 5. Hepatitis A Antigen.- II. Features of Viral Hepatitis, Types A and B.- 1. Clinical Features.- 2. Biochemical Features.- 3. Immunological Features.- 4. Histological Features.- III. Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Modes of Spread.- 3. Transfusion-Associated Hepatitis (Non A-Non B).- IV. Sequelae of Hepatitis.- 1. Differences for Type A and Type B Hepatitis.- 2. Mortality and Morbidity.- 3. Chronic Persisting Hepatitis.- V. Characteristics and Disease Associations of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg).- 1. Serological Demonstration.- 2. Electron Microscopy.- 3. Chemical Components of HBAg.- 4. Immunochemical Analyses-Subspecificities.- 5. HBAg in the Liver.- 6. HBAg Outside the Liver-Immune Complexes.- 7. Non-Correlation between HBsAg in Serum and Presence and Type of Liver Disease.- 8. HBAg Associated Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Immune Response to HBAg.- 10. HBAg-A Unique Particle.- 11. Immune Aberrations and Persistence of Hepatitis B.- VI. Infection of Animals with Hepatitis Viruses.- 1. Viral Hepatitis in Animals.- 2. Human Hepatitis A Infection of Marmosets.- 3. Hepatitis B in Non-Human-Primates.- D. Liver Disease Associated with Autoimmune Reactions.- I. History.- II. Autoimmune "Lupoid" Type of Chronic Hepatitis.- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical and Haematological Features.- 4. Histopathological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement in Chronic Hepatitis.- 7. Damage by Immune Complexes.- 8. Cell Mediated Immunity in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Disease Associations in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 10. Genetic Aspects of Chronic Hepatitis.- 11. Anti-Immune Drugs in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis.- III. Autoimmune Cholangitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical Features.- 4. Histological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement.- 7. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8. Disease Associations.- 9. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 10. Genetic Determinant of PBC and Mitochondrial Antibody.- E. Experimental Models of Chronic Hepatitis.- I. Immune Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Immunization with Liver in Freund's Complete Adjuvant.- 2. Damage by Allogeneic Cells.- 3. Damage by Antigen-Antibody Complexes.- II. Viral Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Aleutian Mink.- 2. Canine Hepatitis Virus.- 3. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) Virus.- 4. Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) Virus.- 5. Reovirus 3.- 6. Liver Disease in New Zealand Black (NZB) Mice.- F. Liver Diseases Associated with Drug Reactions.- I. Differentiation and Types of Drug Associated Liver Injury.- II. Allergic Cholangitis.- 1. Acute Allergic Cholangitis.- 2. Chronic Allergic Cholangitis.- III. Allergic Hepatitis.- 1. Acute Hepatitic Reactions.- 2. Chronic Hepatitic Reactions.- IV. Granulomatous Hepatic Reactions.- V. Specific Drugs.- 1. Iproniazid (Marsalid).- 2. Isoniazid.- 3. Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride (Pyridium).- 4. Diphenyl Hydantoin.- 5. Sulphonamides.- 6. Penicillin and Oxacillin.- 7. Erythromycin Ester.- 8. Halothane.- 9. Oxphenisatin.- 10. Alpha Methyl Dopa ("Aldomet").- 11. Aspirin.- 12. Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS).- VI. Immunological Basis of Allergic Liver Injury.- 1. Acute Reactions.- 2. Drug-Induced Hepatitis with Autoimmune Markers.- 3. Experimental Models of Allergic Hepatitis.- G. Conclusion: Immunology and the Liver.- I. Immune Deficiency.- 1. Phagocytic function.- 2. Immunocyte function.- II. "Hypersensitivity"Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- A. Introductory Considerations.- B. Historical Aspects.- C. Relevance of Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- D. Vulnerability of the Liver to Toxic Injury.- I. Concentration of Agents in Liver.- II. Liver as Portal to Tissues.- III. Metabolism of Foreign Compounds.- IV. Enzyme Induction.- V. Factors That Modify Susceptibility.- 1. Species.- 2. Age.- 3. Sex and Other Endocrine Factors.- 4. Nutritional State.- E. Types of Experimental Models.- I. Whole Animals.- 1. Parameters of Injury.- 2. Histology.- 3. Chemical Changes in Hepatic Tissue.- 4. Physiological and Biochemical Measure of Hepatic Function and Injury.- II. In Vitro Models.- 1. Liver Perfusion.- 2. Tissue Homogenates and Slices.- 3. Hepatocyte Suspensions.- 4. Organelles.- 5. Nuclear Components.- F. Types of Toxic Hepatic Injury.- I. Changes Observed by Light Microscopy.- 1. Acute Hepatic Injury.- 2. Chronic Hepatic Injury.- 3. Carcinogenesis.- G. Classification of Hepatotoxins.- I. Intrinsic Hepatotoxins.- II. Hepatic Injury Owing to Host Idiosyncracy.- H. Direct Hepatotoxins.- I. Carbon Tetrachloride.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Factors in Susceptibility.- 5. Experimental Injury.- 6. Evolution of Hepatic Injury.- 7. Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Alcohol and Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity.- 9. Chronic Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride.- a) Cirrhosis.- b) Carcinogenesis.- 10. Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons.- II. Phosphorous.- 1. Chemical Properties.- 2. Toxicity in Humans.- a) Histopathology.- b) Blood Changes.- 3. Experimental Animals and Susceptibility.- 4. Acute Toxicity.- 5. Chronic Toxicity.- 6. Mechanism of Injury.- I. Indirect Hepatotoxins.- I. Cytotoxic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Types of Injury.- 2. Mechanisms.- 3. Experimental Models.- 4. Ethionine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Form of Hepatic Injury.- 5. Thioacetamide.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 6. Dialkylnitrosamines.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- e) Metabolism of DMN and Mechanism of Injury.- 7. Tannic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Properties.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Experimental Toxicity.- e) Factors in Susceptibility.- f) Acute Injury.- g) Chronic Toxicity.- h) Mechanism of Injury.- 8. Aflatoxins.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Sources.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Hepatic Injury.- f) Mechanism of Hepatic Injury.- 9. Pyrrolidizine Alkaloids.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Injury in Humans.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Experimental Toxicity.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- 10. Hepatotoxic Principles of Mushrooms.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics of Toxic Principles.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxicity for Humans.- e) Experimental Studies.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- g) Prevention of Toxicity.- 11. Galactosamine.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Hepatotoxicity.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- 12. Orotic Acid.- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Experimental Injury.- e) Mechanism of Injury.- II. Cholestatic Indirect Hepatotoxins.- 1. Icterogenin.- a) Chemical Properties.- b) Experimental Models.- c) Factors in Susceptibility.- d) Toxic Effects.- 2. Sporidesmin.- 3. ?-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT).- a) Significance.- b) Chemical Characteristics.- c) Experimental Models.- d) Factors in Susceptibility.- e) Toxic Effects.- f) Mechanism of Injury.- K. Concluding Comments.- I. Toxins of Living Origin.- II. Toxins of Non-Living Origin.- Appendix. Meaning of Abbreviations.- References.- Liver Disease Due to Infection and Allergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Liver Disease Due to Infection.- I. Multicellular Parasites.- 1. Cestodes.- 2. Trematodes (Flukes).- 3. Nematodes.- II. Protozoa.- 1. Malaria.- 2. Amoebiasis.- 3. Toxoplasmosis.- III. Mycoses.- 1. Actinomycosis.- 2. Blastomycosis.- 3. Coccidioidomycosis.- 4. Cryptococcosis.- 5. Histoplasmosis.- 6. Candidiasis.- 7. Mucormycosis.- IV. Bacteria.- 1. Pneumococcus.- 2. Staphylococcus.- 3. Streptococcus.- 4. Gonococcus.- 5. E. coli.- 6. Salmonellae.- 7. Shigella.- 8. Brucella.- 9. Minor Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.- 10. Clostridia.- 11. Tuberculosis.- 12. Leprosy.- 13. Tularaemia.- 14. Leptospirosis.- 15. Syphilis.- V. Rickettsia.- Q Fever.- VI. Viruses (Excluding Classical Hepatitis Viruses A and B).- 1. Infectious Mononucleosis.- 2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV).- 3. Herpes Simplex.- 4. Psittacosis.- 5. Reovirus.- 6. Rubella.- 7. Varicella.- 8. Adenovirus.- 9. Coxsackie Viruses.- 10. Yellow Fever.- 11. "Marburg Virus" Disease.- 12. "Candidate" Human Hepatitis Viruses.- VII. Granulomatous Liver Disease.- 1. Granulomatous Response in Liver to Specific Infections.- 2. Granulomatous Response in Liver in Drug Allergy.- 3. Sarcoidosis of the Liver.- 4. Granulomatous Hepatitis of Unknown Origin.- C. Classical Human Viral Hepatitis.- I. History.- 1. Infectious and Serum Hepatitis.- 2. The Willowbrook Studies-MS-1 and MS-2 Sera.- 3. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 4. Association of Hepatitis B Antigen with Serum Hepatitis.- 5. Hepatitis A Antigen.- II. Features of Viral Hepatitis, Types A and B.- 1. Clinical Features.- 2. Biochemical Features.- 3. Immunological Features.- 4. Histological Features.- III. Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Modes of Spread.- 3. Transfusion-Associated Hepatitis (Non A-Non B).- IV. Sequelae of Hepatitis.- 1. Differences for Type A and Type B Hepatitis.- 2. Mortality and Morbidity.- 3. Chronic Persisting Hepatitis.- V. Characteristics and Disease Associations of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg).- 1. Serological Demonstration.- 2. Electron Microscopy.- 3. Chemical Components of HBAg.- 4. Immunochemical Analyses-Subspecificities.- 5. HBAg in the Liver.- 6. HBAg Outside the Liver-Immune Complexes.- 7. Non-Correlation between HBsAg in Serum and Presence and Type of Liver Disease.- 8. HBAg Associated Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Immune Response to HBAg.- 10. HBAg-A Unique Particle.- 11. Immune Aberrations and Persistence of Hepatitis B.- VI. Infection of Animals with Hepatitis Viruses.- 1. Viral Hepatitis in Animals.- 2. Human Hepatitis A Infection of Marmosets.- 3. Hepatitis B in Non-Human-Primates.- D. Liver Disease Associated with Autoimmune Reactions.- I. History.- II. Autoimmune "Lupoid" Type of Chronic Hepatitis.- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical and Haematological Features.- 4. Histopathological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement in Chronic Hepatitis.- 7. Damage by Immune Complexes.- 8. Cell Mediated Immunity in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 9. Disease Associations in Chronic Active Hepatitis.- 10. Genetic Aspects of Chronic Hepatitis.- 11. Anti-Immune Drugs in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis.- III. Autoimmune Cholangitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).- 1. Definition.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Biochemical Features.- 4. Histological Features.- 5. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and Humoral Autoantibodies.- 6. Serum Complement.- 7. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8. Disease Associations.- 9. Hepatitis B Antigen.- 10. Genetic Determinant of PBC and Mitochondrial Antibody.- E. Experimental Models of Chronic Hepatitis.- I. Immune Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Immunization with Liver in Freund's Complete Adjuvant.- 2. Damage by Allogeneic Cells.- 3. Damage by Antigen-Antibody Complexes.- II. Viral Induction of Chronic Liver Disease.- 1. Aleutian Mink.- 2. Canine Hepatitis Virus.- 3. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) Virus.- 4. Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) Virus.- 5. Reovirus 3.- 6. Liver Disease in New Zealand Black (NZB) Mice.- F. Liver Diseases Associated with Drug Reactions.- I. Differentiation and Types of Drug Associated Liver Injury.- II. Allergic Cholangitis.- 1. Acute Allergic Cholangitis.- 2. Chronic Allergic Cholangitis.- III. Allergic Hepatitis.- 1. Acute Hepatitic Reactions.- 2. Chronic Hepatitic Reactions.- IV. Granulomatous Hepatic Reactions.- V. Specific Drugs.- 1. Iproniazid (Marsalid).- 2. Isoniazid.- 3. Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride (Pyridium).- 4. Diphenyl Hydantoin.- 5. Sulphonamides.- 6. Penicillin and Oxacillin.- 7. Erythromycin Ester.- 8. Halothane.- 9. Oxphenisatin.- 10. Alpha Methyl Dopa ("Aldomet").- 11. Aspirin.- 12. Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS).- VI. Immunological Basis of Allergic Liver Injury.- 1. Acute Reactions.- 2. Drug-Induced Hepatitis with Autoimmune Markers.- 3. Experimental Models of Allergic Hepatitis.- G. Conclusion: Immunology and the Liver.- I. Immune Deficiency.- 1. Phagocytic function.- 2. Immunocyte function.- II. "Hypersensitivity" Responses.- III. Persistent Tolerated Infection: Hepatitis B Virus.- IV. Autoimmunity.- V. The Chronic Hepatitis-Cirrhosis Problem.- 1. Extent of Problem.- 2. Subtypes of Chronic Hepatitis?.- 3. Morphological Correlates of Transition of Hepatitis to Cirrhosis?.- 4. Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Hepatitis-Neoantigen or Auto-antigen.- 5. Effector Mechanisms in Immune-Mediated Liver Disease.- Abbreviations.- References.- Radiation-Induced Injury of the Liver.- A. Introduction.- B. Preliminary Remarks.- I. Preliminary Remarks on Physical Facts.- 1. Radiation Spectrum.- 2. Radiation Units.- 3. Radiation Sources.- II. Radiosensitivity.- 1. Definition.- 2. General Remarks on Radiosensitivity.- 3. Remarks on the Radiosensitivity of the Liver.- III. Process of Radiation Damage.- 1. General.- 2. Liver.- a) Morphological Characteristics.- b) Process of Radiation Damage.- c) Interrelations with Neighboring Organs.- C. Radiation-Induced Changes of the Human Liver.- I. Irradiation by External Radiation Sources.- 1. Acute Radiation Changes.- 2. Effects of Chronic Irradiation.- 3. Detection of Lesions by Radioactive Hepatography.- II. Irradiation by Internal Radiation Sources.- 1. Morphological Findings in the Liver.- a) Radiocirrhosis of the Liver.- b) Radiocancers of the Liver.- 2. Effects of Other Radioactive Elements.- D. Experimental Investigations of the Radiation Effect.- I. Preliminary Remarks.- II. Early and Late Morphological Radiation Changes.- 1. Early Radiation Changes of the Liver.- a) Findings by Light Microscopy.- b) Electronmicroscopic Features.- 2. Late Radiation Changes.- 3. Radiation Effect on Fetal Liver Tissue.- III. Radiation Effect on Liver Regeneration with Special Regard to the Influence of Nucleic Acid Synthesis.- 1. DNA Synthesis and Liver Proliferation after Partial Hepatectomy.- a) Irradiation of the Liver after Partial Hepatectomy: Metabolic Processes.- b) Irradiation before Partial Hepatectomy.- c) Irradiation of Non-Hepatectomized Animals.- IV. Effects on Metabolic Activities Other than DNA Synthesis.- 1. Fat and Carbohydrate Metabolism.- a) Changes in Lipid Metabolism.- b) Changes in Glycogen Synthesis.- c) Relations Between Lipid and Glycogen Metabolism.- 2. Oxidative Metabolism.- 3. Lipid Peroxides and Lysosomal Damage.- 4. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism.- a) Effects on Amino Acid Metabolism.- b) Changes in Detoxication Activity.- c) Changes in Enzyme Activities.- d) Changes in Protein Synthesis.- e) Influence of Irradiation on the Inducibility of Enzymes.- V. Effects on Liver Function by a Combination of Radiation and Drugs.- 1. Changes of Liver Radiosensitivity.- 2. Effect of Radiation on Experimental Chemical Carcinogenesis of the Liver and Non-Carcinogenic Alteration.- Abbreviations.- References.- Experimental Production of Gallstones.- A. A Fat- and Cholesterol-Free Diet in Hamsters.- B. A Lithogenic Diet Supplemented with Chenodeoxycholic Acid.- C. A High Cholesterol Diet in Prairie Dogs.- D. A Diet Supplemented with D-Thyroxine in Hamsters.- E. A Fat-and Cholesterol-Rich Diet in Squirrel Monkeys.- Abbreviations.- References.- Author Index.
by "Nielsen BookData"