Biomarkers : biochemical, physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress
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書誌事項
Biomarkers : biochemical, physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress
（SETAC special publications series）
Lewis Publishers, c1992
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注記
The proceedings of the Biomarkers Workshop, the eighth Pellston Workshop, held July 23-28, 1989, in Keystone, Colo
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This book provides a survey of biochemical, physiological and histological biomarkers of environmental stress, along with evaluations of the strengths and weaknesses of various techniques for different applications.
It features in-depth coverage of such topics as DNA adducts, acetylcholinesterase, ATP, endocrine mechanisms, blood chemistry, histopathological biomarkers, stress proteins, foreign and endogenous metabolites, metallothioneins, to name only a few.
The book will be especially useful to toxicologists, biochemists, histologists, immunologists, risk analysis specialists, environmental managers, regulators, environmental scientists and engineers.
目次
DNA ALTERATIONS. INTRODUCTION. CURRENT METHODOLOGIES. Background. DNA Adducts. Secondary Modifications. Irreversible Events. POTENTIAL VALUE. DNA Adducts. Secondary Modifications. Irreversible Events. CONCLUSION.PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NONSPECIFIC BIOMARKERS. INTRODUCTION. The Stress Concept. Biomarker Selection and Development. SUMMARY. DIRECT ENZYME INHIBITION. Acetylcholinesterase. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase. Adenosine Triphosphatase. Plant Enzymes. ENERGETICS. Adenylate Energy Charge. Energy Reserves. Whole Body Calorimetry. Enzymes of Intermediary Metabolism. Scope for Growth. Oxygen: Nitrogen Ratio. Photosynthesis. ENDOCRINE. Corticosteroids/Catecholamines. Reproductive Steroids. Thyroid Hormones. Insulin/Glucagon. Growth Hormone. BLOOD CHEMISTRY. Serum Enzymes. Ion Levels. Serum Glucose and Lipids. GROWTH RATE. RNA Concentration. Protein Synthesis. GROSS INDICES. Condition. Skeletal Abnormalities. Avian Eggshell Thinning and Impaired Reproduction. OTHER BIOMARKERS. Lysosomal Membrane Stability. Free Amino Acids. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS. ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION. Basic Considerations in Histopathological Analysis. Inherent Advantages of the Histopathological Approach. Sources of Error in the Use of Histopathological Biomarkers. HISTOPATHOLOGIC BIOMARKERS. Hepatic Biomarkers. Extrahepatic Biomarkers. Invertebrate Biomarkers. Potential Biomarkers. Field Sampling Strategies. Recent Technological Advances Strengthening Histopathologic Biomarkers. RESEARCH NEEDS. CONCLUSIONS. METABOLIC PRODUCTS AS BIOMARKERS. INTRODUCTION. Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals. Endogenous Metabolites. Approach. METABOLITES OF FOREIGN CHEMICALS. Background. Forms of Metabolites of Xenobiotic Chemicals. Reactive Metabolites of Xenobiotic Chemicals. Tissue Distribution of Metabolites of Xenobiotic Chemicals. Determination of Metabolites of Xenobiotic Chemicals in Field-Exposed Fish. Considerations in the Utilization of Metabolites of Xenobiotic Chemicals as Biomarkers. Development Work Needed. Recommendations. ENDOGENOUS METABOLITES. Introduction. Endogenous Metabolites as Biomarkers. Caveats and Recommendations. Summary. PROTEINS. INTRODUCTION. CYTOCHROME P450. Introduction. Cytochrome P450 Systems in Fish. Induction. Catalytic (MFO) Activity. Antibodies to P450. DNA Probes. Methods of Analysis. Mechanisms of Regulation of P450 IA1 in Fish. Specificity. Sensitivity. Temporal Patterns of Induction. Monooxygenases in Invertebrates. Mammals and Birds. Induction in Extrahepatic Organs of Fish. Environmental Induction and Monitoring. Sources of Variability. Relationship to Health and Disease. Summary. Recommendations. METALLOTHIONEINS. Metallothioneins: Potential Biomarkers for Heavy Metal Exposure. Structure of Metallothioneins. Metal Binding Properties. Aspects of Metallothionein Function. Induction and Biodegradation of Metallothionein. Methods for Detection and Quantification of Metallothionein. Sources of Variability. Positive Features of Metallothioneins as Biomarkers. Feasibility of Metallothioneins as Biomarkers for Metal Exposure or Metal-Induced Stress. Conclusions and Recommendations. STRESS PROTEINS. The Cellular Stress Response. The Stress Proteins Induced by Heat: Heat Shock Proteins. The Glucose-Regulated Proteins. The Protective Role of Stress Proteins. Methods for Detection and Quantification of Stress Proteins. Immunological Techniques. Sources of Variability. Stress Proteins as Biomarkers. Conclusions. CONJUGATION ENZYMES. Introduction. Glutathion Transferases. Epoxide Hydrolase. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Sulfotransferases. Phase II Enzymes as Biomarkers of Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions. Summary and Conclusions. Recommendations. OXIDANT-MEDIATED RESPONSES. Overview of Oxygen Toxicity, Redox Cycling, and Antioxidant Defenses. Antioxidants. Biochemical Indices of Oxidative Damage. Lipid Peroxidation. DNA Oxidation. Methemoglobinemia. Redox Status. Variables Influencing Oxidative Processes. Summary. Research Needs. HEME AND PORPHYRINS. Preparation of Tissues. Heme Enzymes Porphyrin Assays. Assay of Urinary Porphyrins. Specimen Collection. Porphyrins. GENERAL DISCUSSION. Interrelationships Between Biomarkers. Integration and Higher Order Effects. Protein Biomarker Use and Interpretation. Attributes of Biomarkers. Utility of Protein Systems. RESEARCH NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Basic Research Needs. Applied Aspects. IMMUNOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. INTRODUCTION. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Nonspecific Immunity. Specific Immunity. PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF BIOMARKERS. EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF BIOMARKERS: SELECTED ANIMAL STUDIES. APPLICATION OF IMMUNE BIOMARKERS TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. Currently Available Tests. Additional Considerations. INTERACTIONS OF THE IMMUNE, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS. POTENTIAL VALUE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS.
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