CiNii 図書 - Entropy, environment and resources : an essay in physico-economics

This book has been used as a text in the Departments of Econo- mics at the University of Heidelberg (FRG) during the last decade and the University of Bern (Switzerland) during the last seven years. We therefore were glad when Dr. Muller of Springer-Verlag offered to publish a soft cover version of the second edition, to make the next economically more accessible to students. Heidelberg and Bern, January 1995 Malte Faber Horst Niemes Gunter Stephan Preface to the First Edition This book is one of the products of a three-year research project. Our objectives were: - to apply neo-Austrian capital theory to long-run problems of en- vironmental protection and resource use; - to develop an approach that takes physical relationships into consideration; - to narrow the gap between theory and practice in environmental economics. For this purpose, we established three interrelated research pro- grams. In the first of these we supplemented and generalized neo- Austrian capital theory (STEPHAN 1980, REISS 1981, FABER 1986). In the second which is presented in this volume we developed an interdisciplinary approach to natural resources. Using concepts and methods from thermodynamics we investigated environmental and resource problems and their interrelationships. Finally, in the third research program we authored the monograph "Umweltschutz und Input-Output-Analyse. Mit zwei Fallstudien aus der Wassergiite- wirtschaft" (Environmental Protection and Input-Output-Analysis.

0 Introduction: Starting Point, Objectives, and Content.- 0.1 Starting Point and Objectives.- 0.2 Content.- I. Environmental Protection.- 1 An Introduction to Dynamic Models of the Environment.- 1.1 The Relationships Between the Ecosystem and Its Economic Subsystem.- 1.2 Some Approaches to the Dynamic Analysis of the Use of the Environment.- 1.2.1 The Environment as a Source of Resources.- 1.2.1.1 The Optimal Use of a Non-Renewable Resource.- 1.2.1.2 The Optimal Use of a Renewable Resource.- 1.2.2 The Environment as a Recipient of Pollutants and as a Supplier of Public Goods.- 1.2.2.1 The Accumulation of Pollutants.- 1.2.2.2 An Optimization Model.- 1.2.3 Environmental Models with Capital Accumulation.- 1.2.3.1 Natural Purification.- 1.2.3.2 Recycling.- 2 A Disaggregated Environment-Capital Model.- 2.1 The Basic Model.- 2.1.1 The Technology.- 2.1.2 The Environmental Sector.- 2.1.2.1 The Transformation of Emissions into Pollutants: The Diffusion Function.- 2.1.2.2 The Effects of Pollutants on the Flow of Environmental Goods: The Damage Function.- 2.1.3 The Allocative Effects of Marginal Changes in the Production Program.- 2.2 Extending the Model.- 2.2.1 A Capital Good in the Waste Treatment Sector.- 2.2.1.1 The Technology.- 2.2.1.2 Optimality Conditions.- 2.2.2 Emissions in the Consumption Sector.- 2.2.3 The Case of Several Pollutants with Centralized Waste Treatment.- 2.2.3.1 The Assignment of Waste Treatment Costs.- 2.2.3.2 Private and Social Aspects of the Assignment of Waste Treatment Costs and of Environmental Damage.- 2.2.4 Local and Central Waste Treatment Measures.- Appendix: Constraints and Optimality Conditions for the Environmental Protection Model with Capital Formation in the Waste Treatment Sector.- II. Entropy and the Use of the Environment.- 3 The Notion of Entropy.- 3.1 Thermodynamics.- 3.2 Energy, GIBBS' Fundamental Equation, Intensive and Extensive Quantities.- 3.3 An Example of Entropy: The Diffusion of Gases.- 3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics.- 3.5 The Irreversibility of Economic Processes and the Impossibility of the Land of Cockaigne.- 3.6 Negative Flow of Entropy.- 3.7 Entropy, Order, and Information.- 3.8 Using the Entropy Approach to Characterize the Environment as a Recipient of Pollutants.- 3.8.1 Entropy and Equilibrium.- 3.8.2 The Entropy Approach as a Means of Determining Deviations from Equilibrium.- 3.9 A First Attempt to Employ Entropy as a Variable in a Pollution Function.- 4 Using the Entropy Approach to Characterize the Environment as a Supplier of Resources.- 4.1 Resource Concentration and Factor Requirements in the Extraction of Resources.- 4.1.1 The Separation Process as a Reversal of the Diffusion Process.- 4.1.2 The Change in Entropy as a Function of Resource Concentration.- 4.1.3 The Energy Requirements in the Extraction Process.- 4.1.4 Factor Input in Resource Extraction.- 4.2 The Change in Entropy in the Environmental Sector as a Result of Resource Extraction.- 4.3 The Limits of Our Approach.- Appendix: Value Charts for Section 4.1.2 (Numerical Tables for the Relationship Between the Mol-Specific Change in Entropy and Resource Concentration).- III. The Use of Scarce Resources with Decreasing Resource Concentration.- 5 The Integration of the Resource Problem into a Disaggregated Capital Model.- 5.1 The Structure of the Model.- 5.1.1 The Resource Sector.- 5.1.2 Resource Quantities and Concentrations in the Environmental Sector.- 5.2 The System of Constraint Equations.- 6 Replacement of Techniques over Time.- 6.1 The Transition from Technique T1 to Technique T2 and Its Effects on the Economic System.- 6.1.1 A Schema of Replacement Processes in the Resource Model.- 6.1.2 The Effects of Replacement Processes in the Resource Model on the Major Economic Variables.- 6.2 Necessary Conditions for the Replacement of Techniques.- 6.3 Optimality Conditions.- 6.4 Interpreting the Optimality Conditions.- 6.4.1 Model Variant I.- 6.4.2 Model Variant II.- Appendix: Derivation of Shadow Prices of Model Variant II.- IV. Environmental Protection and Resources.- 7 Interdependencies Between Environmental Protection and Resource Use Exemplified for Recycling and Deposition.- 7.1 Optimal Resource Use and Environmental Protection in an Environment-Resource Model.- 7.1.1 The Model.- 7.1.2 Optimality Conditions.- 7.2 Interdependencies Between Environmental Protection and Resource Use with Recycling and Deposition.- 7.2.1 Recycling in the Environment-Resource Model.- 7.2.2 Allocative Aspects of Recycling.- 7.2.3 Deposition as a Support for Recycling.- 7.3 How Can We Avoid Wasting Low Entropy?.- 7.4 Outlook.- 8 References.- 9 Subject Index.

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