Comparative anatomy of the external and middle ear of palaeognathous birds
著者
書誌事項
Comparative anatomy of the external and middle ear of palaeognathous birds
(Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, v. 131)
Springer-Verlag, 1995
大学図書館所蔵 全7件
  青森
  岩手
  宮城
  秋田
  山形
  福島
  茨城
  栃木
  群馬
  埼玉
  千葉
  東京
  神奈川
  新潟
  富山
  石川
  福井
  山梨
  長野
  岐阜
  静岡
  愛知
  三重
  滋賀
  京都
  大阪
  兵庫
  奈良
  和歌山
  鳥取
  島根
  岡山
  広島
  山口
  徳島
  香川
  愛媛
  高知
  福岡
  佐賀
  長崎
  熊本
  大分
  宮崎
  鹿児島
  沖縄
  韓国
  中国
  タイ
  イギリス
  ドイツ
  スイス
  フランス
  ベルギー
  オランダ
  スウェーデン
  ノルウェー
  アメリカ
注記
Includes bibliographical references
内容説明・目次
内容説明
1. 1 Objectives of this Study The vertebrate middle ear has attracted the interest of morphologists for more than a century. Its difficult structure, its complicated evolutionary derivation, and its integration of branchial, cranial, and otic materials into a single func- tional unit have made it a key organ for the understanding of vertebrate structures and their evolutionary history. Gaupp's (1898, 1913) and Reichert's (1837) comparative morphological studies of the vertebrate middle ear repre- sented milestones for anatomy in the general recognition and acceptance of Darwin's theory of evolution. These fundamental studies notwithstanding, today's knowledge of avian middle ear structures is still characterized by descriptive studies focusing on character sampling to elucidate high-level phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies have considered either structural aspects of the bony stapes exclusively (Feduccia 1974, 1975a,b, 1976, 1977, 1978), or focused on the anatomy of the middle ear cavity, neglecting the sound trans- mission apparatus (Saiff 1974, 1976, 1978a,b, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988).
Other studies have investigated late-stage embryos and concentrated on the develop- ment of the skull, considering middle ear structures only as a side aspect. However, there are considerable structural differences between the middle ears of late-stage embryos, hatchlings, and adults of the same species. Although vertebrate morphology requires a meticulous knowledge of comparative middle ear data and calls upon an elaborate system of homologies, it turns out that knowledge of middle ear structural details is widely dispersed among different species and different developmental stages, making a comparison even more difficult.
目次
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives of this Study.- 1.2 Literature Review.- 1.3 Theoretical Concepts: Questions and "Answers".- 1.3.1 Description and Representation.- 1.3.2 Comparative Approach, Homology, Systematics, and Phylogeny.- 1.3.3 Functional Approach.- 1.3.4 Ecomorphology.- 1.4 Basic Functional Concepts of the Avian Middle Ear: The Transfer Function.- 1.4.1 Area Ratio.- 1.4.2 Lever Systems.- 1.4.3 Curved Membrane and Resonance Effects.- 1.4.4 Impedance of the Middle Ear.- 1.5 Evolutionary History of Middle Ear Structures.- 1.5.1 Homologies of the Avian Middle Ear and the Hyoid Arch.- 1.5.1.1 Stapes.- 1.5.1.2 Tympanic Process of the Extracolumella.- 1.5.1.3 Processus supracolumellaris.- 1.5.1.4 Processus infracolumellaris.- 1.5.2 Phylogenetic Relationship of Palaeognathous and Basic Neognathous Birds.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Species List.- 2.2 Macroscopic Dissections.- 2.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2.4 Morphometry.- 2.5 Microscopic Investigations.- 2.5.1 Serial Sections.- 2.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 2.5.3 Three-Dimensional Reconstructions.- 2.5.4 Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Reconstructions.- 2.6 Nomenclature, Synonyms, and Abbreviations.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Species Biology.- 3.1.1 American Rhea (Rhea americana).- 3.1.2 Crested Tinamou (Eudromia elegans).- 3.1.3 Emu (Dromaius novae-hollandiae).- 3.1.4 Cassowary (Casuarius bennetti/Casuarius casuarius).- 3.1.5 Kiwi (Apteryx australis).- 3.1.6 Ostrich (Struthio camelus).- 3.1.7 Barred Button Quail (Turnix suscitator).- 3.2 External Ear Opening: Position, Ear Covers, Form, and Width of Opening.- 3.3 External Auditory Meatus (Meatus acusticus externus): Position and Course, Bordering Structures, and Relation to Fascia and Muscles.- 3.4 Osteology of the Tympanic Region.- 3.5 Tympanic membrane (Membrana tympanica): Position, Orientation, Fixation, and Histology.- 3.6 Tympanic Recesses and Pneumatization of the Neurocranium.- 3.7 Siphonium and Pneumatization of the Mandible and the Quadrate Bone.- 3.8 Pharyngotympanic Tube.- 3.9 Arthrology of the Quadrate Bone.- 3.10 Columella: Stapes and Extracolumella.- 3.11 Ligaments of the Middle Ear.- 3.11.1 Ligamentum ascendens.- 3.11.2 Ligamentum columello-quadratum (Platner's Ligament).- 3.12 Muscles of the Middle Ear.- 3.12.1 Musculus stapedialis.- 3.12.2 Musculus paratubalis.- 3.13 Nerves.- 3.14 Paratympanic Organ.- 3.15 Arteries.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Towards a Functional Analysis of the Avian Middle Ear.- 4.1.1 Morphological Amplification Function.- 4.1.2 Morphological Impedance.- 4.2 Phylogenetic Implications.- 5 Summary.- 6 References.- 7 Subject Index.- 8 List of Abbreviations and Synonyms Used in Avian Middle Ear Studies.
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