CiNii Books - Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment : distribution, persistence, and toxicity

Organic Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment draws from the author's experience with a variety of problems dealing with the fate, distribution, and toxicity of organic compounds in the aquatic environment. It discusses the basic issues of chemical analysis, distribution, persistence, and ecotoxicology, with an emphasis on microbial reactions. The necessary input and the difficulties of achieving a rigorous synthesis of the various elements are illustrated with specific examples. The book includes a wide range of structurally diverse compounds as illustration and presents a mechanistic approach to biodegradation and biotransformation. The final chapter addresses the issue of environmental hazard assessment and constructs a strategy for carrying it out.

Table of Contents

Introduction Orientation Literature Cited Personal Bias. Scope of the Work: Tangential Areas Not Included References Analysis Synopsis Introduction Sampling Extraction and Cleanup Procedures Involving Chemical Reactions: Derivatization Identification and Quantification: Basic Definitions General Comments: Organization and Precautions Conclusions References Partition: Distribution, Transport, and Mobility Synopsis Introduction Partitioning into Biota: Uptake of Xenobiotics from the Aqueous Phase Partitioning between the Aquatic and Sediment Phases Phase Heterogeneity: Dissolved Organic Carbon, Interstitial Water, and Particulate Matter Partitioning Between the Aquatic Phase and the Atmosphere Dissemination of Xenobiotics Monitoring Conclusions References Persistence: Introduction Synopsis Introduction Abiotic Reactions Biotic Reactions The Spectrum of Organisms Interactions Determinative Parameters Rates of Metabolic Reactions Regulation and Toxic Metabolites Catabolic Plasmids Conclusions References Persistence: Experimental Aspects Synopsis Introduction Determination of Ready Biodegradability Isolation and Elective Enrichment Design of Experiments on Biodegradation and Biotransformation Experimental Problems: Water Solubility, Volatility, Sampling Procedures for Elucidation of Metabolic Pathways Classification and Identification References Pathways of Biodegradation and Biotransformation Synopsis Introduction Aerobic Degradation of Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aerobic Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds Aerobic Degradation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds Degradation of Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes Aerobic Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds Anaerobic Metabolism of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds Reactions Carried Out by Anaerobic Bacteria Other Than Dehalogenation Aerobic Degradation of Aromatic Compounds Containing Nitro or Sulfonate Groups Aliphatic Compounds Containing Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Organofluorine Compounds Biotransformations Summary of Basic Microbial Reactions References Ecotoxicology Synopsis Introduction Choice of Species in Laboratory Tests Experimental Determinants Test Systems: Single Organisms Test Systems: Several Organisms Metabolism of Xenobiotics by Higher Organisms Biomarkers: Biochemical and Physiological End-Points The Structure of the Toxicant and Its Biological Effect A Hierarchical System for Evaluating the Biological Effects of Toxicants Conclusions References Environmental Hazard Assessment Synopsis Introduction Hazard Evaluation as a Predictive Exercise Retroactive Analysis: Ecoepidemiology Additional Procedures A Philosophical Interlude Exemplification of Hazard Assessment Evaluations Concluding Remarks References Epilogue Index

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Organic chemicals in the aquatic environment : distribution, persistence, and toxicity

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