Handbook of electrical hazards and accidents
著者
書誌事項
Handbook of electrical hazards and accidents
CRC Press, c1995
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This book is written mainly for attorneys, physicians, and investigators who are concerned with accidents associated with electric current. It is based on approximately 50 years of personal research, augmented by experience in teaching medical and biomedical engineering students and as an expert witness in litigation involving electrical injury. The material is presented in two ways: non-technically, for attorneys and physicians, and technically, for their expert witnesses and engineers. Since there is no typical electrical accident, the accidents described and the material presented in the chapters are selected to aid the reader in explaining the cause of any particular electrical accident.
The first chapter presents a short history of electrical accidents, along with selected accident descriptions in the home, work place, and hospital. Chapter 2 deals with the fundamental processes whereby electric current stimulates excitable tissue, such as sensory receptors, nerves, and muscles. The response to the passage of low-frequency alternating current through the body-e.g., muscle stimulation, ventricular fibrillation, and burns-is covered in Chapter 3. Lightning and lightning injuries are discussed in Chapter 4. The effects of high-frequency (electrosurgical and diathermy) currents-and the types of injury encountered-are discussed in Chapter 5. Because current preferentially seeks tissues with the lowest resistivity, Chapter 6 provides knowledge of the resistivity values for tissues, organs, and body fluids, allowing estimation of the current path. The same chapter presents information on the resistance of body segments and of a contacting conductor, showing the nonlinear nature of such contacts where tissues are boiled, charred, and burned.
目次
Electrical Accidents
Introduction
Historical Background
Burns
Current Flow and Contact Sites
Electrical Accidents
Post-Electrical Injury Sequelae
Wiring Codes
Medical Devices
Conclusion
Stimulation of Excitable Tissue and Sensory Stimulators
Introduction
Strength-Duration Curve
Mechanism of Stimulation
Implications of the Strength-Duration Curve
Summary of Stimulation
Direct-Current Applications
Sensory and Stunning Stimulators
Magnetic (Eddy-Current) Stimulation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Conclusion
Response to Low-Frequency Alternating Current Passing Through the Body
Introduction
Encounterable Sources
Pathophysiological Effects
Alternating Current Applied to the Head
High-Voltage Injury and Burns
Legal Electrocution
Euthanasia
Leakage Current
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter
Isolated Power Supply
Stray Voltage
Stray-Capacitive Coupling
Environmental Considerations of Power Lines
Lightning Injuries
Introduction
Nature of Lightning
Pathophysiological Response
Step Voltage
Lightning Strike
Types of Contact
Nature of Injuries
Conclusion
Response to High-Frequency Alternating Current Passing Through the Body
Introduction
Electrosurgery
Dispersive Electrodes
Patient Sentry
Patient Return Monitor
Performance Standards
Skin Burns
Typical Accidents
Diathermy
Power-Handling Capability of the Body and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Transcutaneous HF Power Transmission
Contact HF Burns
Electrical Properties of Living Tissues
Introduction
Impedance Locus Plot
Effect of Temperature
Tissue Resistivity
Body Fluids
Blood
Physiological Solutions
Muscle
Lung
Kidney
Spleen
Nerve Tissue
Liver
Pancreas
Fat
Bone
Body Segments
Current Density and Cell-Membrane Breakdown
Body Impedance
Current Distribution
Index
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