In situ treatment technology
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書誌事項
In situ treatment technology
（Geraghty & Miller environmental science and engineering series）
Lewis Publishers, c1996
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
The most exciting technical area in the remediation field today is "in place" or "in situ" technologies. This new book in the popular Geraghty & Miller series provides a single reference source, consolidating information on the various in situ technologies. Each of the primary areas is covered in a separate chapter, allowing for in-depth reviews, including laboratory and pilot plant studies, full-scale design, operation and maintenance, cost analysis, and case histories. Expert accounts are also given emerging in situ technologies.
One of the unique features of this new book is its excellent coverage of the geologic foundation and limitations of each of the technologies. Material at the beginning of the book explains the limitations of pump and treatment remediation, and shows how some of these limitations may also apply to in situ technologies. This section provides the reader with a basis on which to analyze and predict the possible success of any new in situ methods that are developed in the future.
目次
LIMITATIONS OF PUMP-AND-TREAT REMEDIATION METHODS, E.K. Nyer
Water as a Carrier
The Contamination Plume
Plume Movement
Advection
Dispersion
Retardation
Chemical Precipitation and Biotransformation
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids - NAPL
Pump and Treat
Air as the Carrier
Limitations
Conclusion
LIFE CYCLE DESIGN, E.K. Nyer
Life Cycle Design for Pump and Treat Systems
Concentration Changes with Time
Capital Costs
Operator Expenses
Using Life Cycle Design to Describe the End of the Project
What is Clean?
Retardation vs. Biochemical Activity
Active Management
Life Cycle Design for in Situ Treatment Methods
Determining the Time Required to Complete a Life Cycle in Groundwater Remediation
IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION, E.K. Nyer, T.L. Crossman, and G. Boettcher
Introduction
Biochemical Reactions
Microorganisms
Distribution and Occurrence of Microorganisms in the Environment
Soil
Ground Water
Biochemical Reactions of Microorganisms
Inorganic Nutrients
Environmental Factors
Microbial Biodegradation of Xenobiotic Organic Compounds
Gratuitous Biodegradation
Cometabolism
Microbial Communities
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Degradation Rate
In Situ Bioremediation
Biogeochemical Characterization
Modeling Support for Intrinsic Bioattenuation
Risk/Biomodeling Approach
Case Histories of Intrinsic Bioattenuation
Enhanced Bioremediation
Existing Reactions
Change of Environment
Delivery of Required Enhancements
Summary
VAPOR EXTRACTION AND BIOVENTING, S. Fam
Introduction
Contaminant Partitioning in the Subsurface
Air Flow Requirements and Capabilities
Air Flow Capability
Air Flow Requirements
Evaluation of Conditions Where VES is Applicable
Contaminant Properties
Vapor Pressure
Solubility
Henry's Law
Other Molecular Properties
Summary
Properties of the Soil
Bulk Density/Soil Porosity
Soil Adsorption
Soil Moisture
Site Surface Topography
Depth to Water Table
Site Homogeneity
Modeling Tools for Vapor Extraction System Design
Engineering Design Model
Flow Models
Multiphase Transport Models
Pilot Studies
Laboratory Studies
Field Pilot Studies
Vapor Extraction Testing Well
Vapor Extraction Monitoring Well
System Design
Bioventing
Introduction
Advantages of Vapor Phase Biotreatment
Performance Criteria/Bioventing Plan Protocols
Laboratory Testing
Field Respirometry Testing
Soil Gas Permeability Testing
Bioventing System Configurations
Clean Up Goals and Costs
Case Study
VACUUM-ENHANCED RECOVERY, P.L. Palmer
Introduction
Mass Balance Approach to Site Remediation
Groundwater Recovery Enhancement
Applicability
Enhanced Effectiveness - LNAPLs
Enhanced Effectiveness - Dissolved Phase
Enhanced Effectiveness - Air Phase
Types of Systems
Preliminary Evaluation of Applicability
Pilot Test Procedures
Test and Monitoring Wells
Test Method
Monitoring
Mass Removal Estimation
System Design
Well Design
Well Spacing
Fluid Flow Rate
Vacuum Pressure
Air Flow Rate
Off-Gas Treatment
Equipment Selection
Mass Removal and Reaching Cleanup Goals
Enhanced Effectiveness - LNAPLs
Enhanced Effectiveness - Dissolved Phase
Enhanced Effectiveness - Dewatering
IN SITU AIR SPARGING, S.S. Suthersan
Introduction
Governing Phenomena
In Situ Air Stripping
Direct Volatilization
Biodegradation
Applicability
Examples of Contaminant Applicability
Geological Considerations
Description of the Process
Air Injection into Water-Saturated Soils
Mounding of Water Table
Distribution of Air Flow Pathways
System Design Parameters
Air Distribution (Zone of Influence)
Depth of Air Injection
Air Injection Pressure and Flow Rate
Injection Mode (Pulsing)
Injection Wells
Contaminant Type and Distribution
Pilot Testing
Limitations
Modifications to Conventional Air Sparging Application
Horizontal Trench Sparging
In Well Air Sparging
Biosparging
Clean-Up Rates
AIR TREATMENT FOR IN SITU TECHNOLOGIES, S. Sam
Introduction
Design Criteria
Regulatory Requirements
Mass of Contaminants
Life Cycle Emission Concentration
Citing and Utility Considerations
Treatment Technologies
Adsorption-Based Treatment Technologies
Oxidation-Based Technologies
Biological Technologies
Technology Selection Summary
FRACTURING, D.F. Kidd
Introduction
Applicability
Geologic Conditions
Technology Description
Hydraulic Fracturing
Pneumatic Fracturing
Screening Tools
Geologic Characterization
Geotechnical Evaluations
Pilot Testing
Proppants
Full-Scale Design
Case Histories
Pneumatic Fracturing Air Phase
Effectiveness - Hydraulic Fracturing Air Phase
REACTIVE WALLS, P.L. Palmer
Introduction
General Reactive Wall Designs
Installation Methodologies
Types of in Situ Reactors
Transformation Processes
Physical Removal
Modify pH or Eh Conditions
Precipitation of Metals
Contaminant Removal via Sorption or Ion Exchange
Biological Degradation
Design Considerations
Case Study: Reactive Wall Design
Background
Funnel and Gate Modeling Study
Gradient Control
Underflow of Barrier
Gate Design
MISCELLANEOUS IN SITU TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES, F.J. Johns, II and E.K. Nyer
Introduction
Contaminant Removal Technologies
Steam Flushing
Hot Air Flushing
Resistance Heating
Radio Frequency Heating
Chemically-Enhanced Flushing
Electrochemical Remediation
In-Well Air Stripping
Phytoremediation
Contaminant Fixation Technologies
Stabilization and Solidification
Vitrification
In Situ Biochemical Precipitation
Index
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