Biotic interactions in arid lands
著者
書誌事項
Biotic interactions in arid lands
(Adaptations of desert organisms)
Springer, 1996
大学図書館所蔵 全10件
  青森
  岩手
  宮城
  秋田
  山形
  福島
  茨城
  栃木
  群馬
  埼玉
  千葉
  東京
  神奈川
  新潟
  富山
  石川
  福井
  山梨
  長野
  岐阜
  静岡
  愛知
  三重
  滋賀
  京都
  大阪
  兵庫
  奈良
  和歌山
  鳥取
  島根
  岡山
  広島
  山口
  徳島
  香川
  愛媛
  高知
  福岡
  佐賀
  長崎
  熊本
  大分
  宮崎
  鹿児島
  沖縄
  韓国
  中国
  タイ
  イギリス
  ドイツ
  スイス
  フランス
  ベルギー
  オランダ
  スウェーデン
  ノルウェー
  アメリカ
注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
The exigencies of life in the desert environment have resulted in the se- lection of a diversity of adaptations, both morphological and physiologi- cal, in the flora and fauna. At the same time, many plants and most small animals are able not merely to exist but even to thrive under desert conditions - mainly by avoiding thermal extremes and by the refine- ment of pre-existing abilities to economise in water. In the same way, the biotic interactions of the flora and fauna of the desert do not involve many new principles. Nevertheless, conditions in arid regions frequently do invoke refinements of the complex interrelations between predators and their prey, parasites and their hosts, as well as between herbivores and the plants upon which they feed. In this book, I shall discuss not only such interactions and their feedback effects, but also community processes and population dynamics in the desert. The physical conditions of the desert that principally affect predators and their prey are its openness and the paucity of cover. This is re- stricted to scattered plants, occasional rocks, holes, and crevices in the ground.
Furthermore, nightfall does not confer relative invisibility, as it does in many other ecobiomes, because of the clarity of the atmosphere. The bright starlight of the desert renders nearby objects visible even to the human eye, while an incandescent moon bathes the empty landscape with a flood of silver light. Consequently, adaptive coloration is func- tional at all hours of the day and night.
目次
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Evolutionary Parallels.- 1.2 Ecological Analogues.- 2 Predatory Techniques.- 2.1 Active Searching for and Stalking Prey.- 2.2 Ambushing and Disguise.- 2.2.1 Aggressive Mimicry.- 2.3 Scavenging.- 2.4 Synchronization of Activities.- 3 Primary Anti-Predator Devices.- 3.1 Anachoresis.- 3.2 Burrows and Retreats.- 3.2.1 Burrowing in Loose Sand.- 3.2.2 Sand Swimming.- 3.3 Rhythmic Activity and Phenology.- 3.4 Crypsis.- 3.5 Protective Resemblance and Disguise.- 3.6 Mimicry.- 3.7 Integument, Scales and Armour.- 3.8 Aposematic Coloration.- 3.9 Communal Behaviour.- 3.10 Vigilance.- 4 Secondary Anti-Predator Devices.- 4.1 Flight and Escape.- 4.2 Thanatosis.- 4.3 Deflection of Attack.- 4.4 Autotomy.- 4.5 Spines, Urticating Hairs and Gin Traps.- 4.6 Venoms, Defensive Fluids and Toxins.- 4.6.1 Venoms.- 4.6.2 Defensive Fluids.- 4.7 Warning Smells, Sounds and Deimatic Display.- 4.8 Retaliation.- 5 Parasitic and Allied Interactions.- 5.1 The Parasites of Plants.- 5.2 Ectoparasites.- 5.3 Endoparasites and their Transmission.- 5.4 Parasitoids.- 5.5 Kleptoparasitism and Slavery.- 5.6 Social Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism.- 5.7 Evolutionary Trends in Parasitic Relationships.- 6 Plants and Herbivorous Animals.- 6.1 Vegetative Crypsis, Mimicry and Deception.- 6.1.1 Protective Resemblance to Stones and Sticks.- 6.1.2 Mimicry in Mistletoes.- 6.2 Chemical Deterrence.- 6.2.1 Secondary Metabolites and their Costs.- 6.2.2 Induced Defences.- 6.3 Toughness and Spines.- 6.4 Responses to Seed-Eating.- 6.5 Thermal Protection.- 6.6 Symbiotic Protective Relationships with Stinging Insects.- 6.7 Phenology.- 7 Community Processes.- 7.1 Protection of Young and Social Behaviour.- 7.1.1 Parental Care.- 7.1.2 Mobbing.- 7.1.3 Vigilance of Animals in Groups.- 7.1.4 Intraspecific Aggression.- 7.1.5 Interspecific Aggression.- 7.2 Effects on Animal Populations of Parasites and Predators.- 7.2.1 Parasitological Interactions.- 7.2.2 Predators and Prey Populations.- 7.3 Sequestration of Plant Metabolites.- 7.4 Pollination of Plants by Animals.- 7.4.1 Pollination by Moths.- 7.4.2 Pollination by Birds and Small Mammals.- 7.4.3 Pollination by Bats.- 7.4.4 Floral Reproductive Mimicry.- 7.5 Seed Dispersal by Animals.- 7.6 Cooperation Between Plants.- 7.7 Competitive Interactions.- 7.7.1 Competition Amongst Plants.- 7.7.2 Intraspecific Competition in Animals.- 7.7.3 Interspecific Competition in Animals.- 7.7.4 Effects of Herbivory on Plant Populations.- 7.8 Food Webs.- 8 Discussion and Conclusions.- 8.1 Emerging Principles.- 8.1.1 Multiple Functions.- 8.1.2 Selective Compromise.- 8.1.3 Temporal Application of Adaptations.- 8.1.4 Competitive Advantages.- 8.1.5 Diminishing Returns.- 8.1.6 Evolutionary Lability.- 8.2 Desert Ecosystems.- References.
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