Cognitive psychology
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書誌事項
Cognitive psychology
Allyn and Bacon, c1997
2nd ed
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. 443-466) and indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This revised second edition of Cognitive Psychology provides the strong research base of the first edition along with substantial updates in three key areas: neuroscience, action research, and neural networks. Instructors will appreciate the book's treatment of the latest research developments in imaging methods, declarative knowledge, associative learning, and implicit vs. explicit memory, and countless other topics. Students will respond to the real-life examples employed in discussions such as adversarial problem solving and its relation to law and business, language processing as it applies to writing, and the use of the divided-attention task in training air force pilots. Several interim summaries per chapter separate the material into manageable sections and allow students to check their understanding as they read. With its conversational style and broad pedagogical program, this meticulously researched text is invaluable to the student of cognitive psychology.
目次
Each chapter opens with "Preview" and closes with "Conclusion."
1. Introduction.
Introduction.
Philosophy.
Rene Descartes David Hume Immanuel Kant.
Experimental Psychology.
Psychophysics Structuralism and Associationism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Forerunners of Information Processing.
Linguistics.
Computer Science.
A Powerful Analogy.
Theories and Methods in Cognitive Psychology.
General Assumptions and Issues is Cognitive Psychology Methods in Cognitive Psychology: The Experiment Computer Simulation.
Preview of Chapters.
2. Cognitive Neuroscience.
Introduction.
Research Methods in Neuroscience.
Imaging Methods Event-Related Potentials Population and Case Studies.
Neurons and Neural Circuits.
Neurons Neural Circuits, Neural Plasticity, and Learning.
The Brain.
Major Brian Structures The Sensory Systems The Visual System.
3. Attention.
Introduction.
Detection and Sensory Processes.
Psychophysical Methods Theory of Signal Detection Early Visual Processing Early Auditory Processing.
Filtering.
Search-Attracting Attention.
Visual and Memory Search Automatic and Controlled Processes Feature Integration Theory Spatial Attention.
Doing Two Things at Once: The Dual-Task Paradigm.
Allocation of Resources Interference in the Stroop Task.
4. Recognition and Action.
Introduction.
Recognition.
Computer Vision.
Human Pattern Recognition: The Case of Letters.
Recognizing Speech Sounds.
Word Recognition.
Shape Recognition.
Perceiving Events.
Action.
Physiology of Movement Psychological Control of Motor Behavior Acquiring Motor Skills.
5. Representation of Knowledge: Declarative and Procedural Knowledge.
Introduction.
Declarative Knowledge.
Concepts Events Visual Imagery Mental Models.
Procedural Knowledge.
Representation of Procedural Knowledge A Case Study: Adding Two Numbers Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge.
Symbolic Architectures of Cognition.
6. Knowledge Representation: Neural Networks.
Introduction.
Neural Net Components.
Determining Activation: The Activation Rule.
Putting the Activation Rule to Work: Examples.
Distributed Representation.
Example 1: Representation of Animals Example 2: Representation of Letters Example 3: Input/Output Mapping in a Robot.
Retrieval from Neural Nets.
Learning in Neural Networks.
Hebbian Learning The Delta Procedure: Learning through Error Correction Backpropogation Learning Other Types of Networks.
Evaluating the Neural Network Approach.
Appendix-A Close-up of Backpropogation Learning.
7. Learning and Memory.
Introduction.
Does the Study of Animal Learning Teach Us Anything about Human Learning? Relation Between Animal and Human Learning Research Learning and Information Processing.
Learning.
Two Paradigms of Animal Learning Basic Learning Phenomena Issues in Learning Theories Applications of Associative Learning Learning in Natural Environments Nonassociative Learning.
Memory.
Hermann Ebbinghaus Causes of Forgetting: Disease versus Interference Associationism: Review and Outlook Constructive Memory Early Information -Processing Theories and the Two-Store Model of Memory The Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory of Memory Critics of the Two-Store Model.
8. Working Memory.
Introduction.
Multiple-Component Model.
Phonological Leap Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad Central Executive.
Mental Processes in Working Memory.
Problem Solving Storage versus Computation Language Comprehension Search in Working Memory.
Expanding Your Working Memory: Long-Term Working Memory.
Digit Span Remembering 20 Restaurant Orders Memory for Chess.
Dynamic Processing in Working Memory.
Activation in Working Memory Tracking Mental Work On-Line.
Individual Differences in Working Memory.
9. Long-Term Memory.
Introduction.
Dimensions of Memory.
List Learning.
Basic Retention Results SAM: A Framework of Retention.
Memory for Meaningful Materials.
Memory and Meaning.
Failing to Remember and What to Do about It.
Some Cases of Forgetting Coping with Poor Memory Exceptional Memories Improving One's Memory-Lessons from Cognitive Psychology.
Implicit Memory.
Facilitation Rule Learning.
Clinical Study of Memory.
Amnesia Alzheimer's Disease.
10. Language: Structure and Meaning.
Introduction.
Sentences.
Syntactic Rules and Principles Representing the Meaning of Sentences.
Words.
Morphology Syntactic Information The Meaning of Words.
Phonology: The Sound of Language.
Phonological Rules Phonemes.
11. Language Comprehension.
Introduction.
Word-Level Processes.
Encoding and Lexical Access.
Sentence-Level Processes.
Parsing Strategies.
Neurolinguistics: Language and the Brain.
The Geschwind-Wernicke Model Revising the Geschwind-Wernicke Model Electrical Stimulation Mapping Cerebral Blood Flow in Comprehension.
Computational Approaches.
Augmented Transition Networks (ATNs) Connectionist Parsing.
12. Reading and Writing.
Reading.
Introduction The Text Base Processing of Texts Causal Links in Texts Special Issues in Reading.
Writing.
Introduction The Environment: Writing Goals and the Audience The Writer Writing Processes Issues on Writing.
13. Cognitive Skills: Problem Solving.
Introduction.
A List of Problems.
Knowledge-Lean Problems.
Heuristic Search The Means-Ends Strategy Analogies.
Knowledge-Rich Problems.
Mathematics Computer Programming A Case Study from Political Science Adversarial Problems.
Changes in Problem-Solving Skills.
Developmental Changes Improving Your Problem-Solving Skills.
Appendix.
14. Reasoning and Choice.
Introduction.
Do People Reason Logically?
Inductive Reasoning.
Series Completion Concept Learning Applications of Category Learning.
Creativity and Discovery.
Kepler's Third Law: A Case Study of Scientific Discovery BACON Discovers Kepler's Law Expertise and Creativity.
Judgment and Choice.
Reasoning about Probabilities Choice Improving Judgment and Decision Making.
15. Applications of Cognitive Psychology.
Introduction.
Cognitive Engineering.
Assessing Workload Typewriters and Typing Compatibility Computer Human Interaction Learning Computer Languages The Future of Cognitive Engineering.
Cognition and Education.
Beginning Reading Instruction Teaching Problem-Solving Skills Remembering Skills and Information for the Long Haul.
Cognitive Psychology and the Law.
Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony Memory Enhancement.
Cognitive Impairment: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation.
Implications for Diagnosis Implications for Rehabilitation.
The Great Debate: Is Applied Cognitive Psychology for Real?
References.
Name Index.
Subject Index.
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