Cell chemistry and physiology

著者

書誌事項

Cell chemistry and physiology

edited by E. Edward Bittar, Neville Bittar

（Principles of medical biology, v. 4）

JAI Press, c1995-<1996>

  • pt. 1
  • pt. 2
  • pt. 3
  • pt. 4

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

pt. 1 ISBN 9781559388054

内容説明

This is the first of a 4-volume module that is an introduction to the study of cell chemistry and physiology. It is not intended to be encyclopedic in nature but rather a general survey of the subject with an emphasis on those topics that are central to an understanding of cell biology and those that are certain to become of increasing importance in the teaching of modern medicine. We have followed what appeared to as to be the logical divisions of the subject beginning with proteins. Allewell and her colleagues stress the point that proteins fold spontaneously to form complex three-dimensional structures and that some of them unfold with the help of proteins called chaperones. Michaelis-Menten kinetics are shown by Nelsestuen to describe the behaviour of enzymes in the test tube. The formalism is particularly useful in the search for agents of therapeutic value, as exemplified by methotrexate. Uptake by mammalian cells of substrates and their metabolic conversions are discussed by van der Vusse and Reneman. However, both Welch and Savageau expound the view that the cell is not simply a bagful of enzymes. The biologist is urged by Savageau to abandon Michaelis-Menten formalism and apply the Power Law. The biologist is also told that the approach to arriving at a theory of metabolic control would have to be one of successive approximations requiring the use of the computer. Information gained from comparative biochemistry is shown by Storey and Brooks to have shed new light on mechanisms of metabolic rate depression and freeze tolerance, and to be applicable to organ transplantation technology. We are reminded that enzyme adaptation is partly the result of the presence of a hydrating shell of vicinal water that stabilises conformation of the enzyme. Vicinal water, according to Drost-Hausen and Singleton, lies adjacent to most solids and protein interfaces. The kinks or breaks observed in the slope of the Arrhenius plot are attributed to structural changes in vicinal water. Regulation of cell volume is shown by Hempling to involve regulation of cell water. It could be that the osmo-receptor or volume detection system is a protein that links the cytoskeleton to specific K and C1 channels. Additionally, it is interesting that aquaporins, which are water channel-forming membrane proteins, are now known to exist in both renal and extra-renal tissues. One of the renal porins is affected by vasopressin. We then pass on to protein synthesis (Rattan) and other important topics including protein glycosylation (Hounsell), methylation (Clarke), ADP-ribosylation (Pearson) and prenylation (Gelb). Among the four types of lipids attached to membrane proteins are the prenyl groups. Ford and Gross in their chapter on lipobiology drive home the point that there is an accumulation of acyl carnitine and lysophospholipids during myocardial infarction.

目次

Contents. List of Contributors. Preface (E.E. Bittar and N. Bittar). Proteins: An Introduction (N.M. Allewell, V.J. Licata, and Xiaoling Yuan). How Enzymes Work (G.L. Nelsestuen). Substrate Utilization in Mammalian Cells (G.J. van der Vusse and R.S. Reneman). The Organization of Metabolic Pathways In Vivo (G.R. Welch). Enzyme Kinetics In Vitro and In Vivo: Michaelis-Menten Revisited (M.A. Savageau). The Basis of Enzymatic Adaptation (K.B. Storey and S.P.J. Brooks). Our Aquesous Heritage: Evidence for Vicinal Water in Cells (W. Drost-Hansen and J.L. Singleton). Our Aqueous Heritage: Role of Vicinal Water in Cells (W. Drost-Hansen and J.L. Singleton). Intracellular Water and the Regulation of Cell Volume and pH (H.G. Hempling). Protein Synthesis and Regulation in Eukaryotes (S.I.S. Rattan). The Role of Glycosylation in Cell Regulation (E.F. Hounsell). Why are Proteins Methylated? (S. Clarke). ADP-ribosylation Reactions (C.K. Pearson). Modification of Proteins by Prenyl Groups (M.H. Gelb). Lipobiology (D.A. Ford and R.W. Gross). Index.
巻冊次

pt. 2 ISBN 9781559388061

内容説明

This volume illustrates the extent to which the traditional distinction between biochemical and physiological processes is being obliterated by molecular biology. It can hardly be doubted that the revolution in cell and molecular biology is leading to core knowledge that provides an outline of the integrative and reductionist approach. We view this as the beginning of a new era, that of the integration of learning.As in the preceding volumes, the choice of topics has been deliberate not only because of the need to keep the volume within reasonable bounds but also because of the need to avoid information over-load. Several relevant topics are dealt with in other modules; for example, the role of G proteins in transmembrane signalling is covered in the Membranes and Cell Signalling module (i.e., Volume 7). Omissions are of course inevitable but they are minor. A case in point is the subject of phosphatases, the treatment of which does not take into account calcineurin. One of the key functions of this Ca2+ -activated protein phosphatase that is also regulated by calmodulin is to desphosphorylate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The mere recognition of such omissions before or after consulting textbooks and journals should be a spur to a more complete discussion by the student of the subject in a small group teaching setting.

目次

Contents. List of Contributors. Preface (E.E. Bittar and N. Bittar). Cellular ATP (D.A. Harris). Purines (C.H.V. Hoyle and G. Burnstock). The Role of Multiple Isozymes in the Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Synthesis and Degradation (J.K. Bentley and J.A. Beavo). The Biological Functions of Protein Phosphorylation-Desphosphorylation (T.A. Woodford, S.J. Taylor, and J.D. Corbin). The Family of Protein Tyrosine Phophatases and the Control of Cellular Signaling Responses (N.K. Tonks). Cyclic Cascades in Cellular Regulation (P. Boon Chock and E.R. Stadtman). Mechanisms of Intracellular pH Regulation (G. Goss and S. Grinstein). The Membrane Na+-K+-ATPase in Cells (T.A. Pressley). Intracellular Calcium-Binding Proteins (K.K.W. Wang). ATP-Ubiquitin-Mediated Protein Degradation (A.L. Haas). Regulation of Cellular Functions by Extracellular Calcium (E.F. Nemeth). The Basis of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Eukaryotic Cells (F. Di Virgilio, D. Pietrobon, and T. Pozzan). Roles of Polyamines in cell Biology (N. Seiler). Free RAdicals in Cell Biology (P.A. Southorn and G. Powis). Index.
巻冊次

pt. 3 ISBN 9781559388078

内容説明

The first section of this volume consists of five chapters to the nature of membrane transport systems. A chapter on secondary active glucose transport has been omitted because this topic is slated to appear in the Nephrobiology module. Chapter 6 deals with oxidase control of plasma membrane proton transport, while chapter 7 addresses the question of how cell volume is regulated. Although we chose not to have a separate chapter covering additional co-transport systems namely, Na+ -K+ -2CI-, KCI, -HCO-3, as well as CI- -HCO-3 exchange and K+ and CI- movements through channels, the role of each in cell volume regulation is emphasized in Chapter 7. Instead of devoting an entire section to the thermodynamics of metabolism, we thought it desirable to have the subjects of medical imaging and NMR of cell metabolism discussed in some detail in two chapters. These are followed by a chapter on the thermodynamic instrument - the calorimeter. Calrimetry allows the measurement of net changes of heat in cells, tissues, organs and whole body. As will be recognized, heat dissipation does not arise only from chemical reactions but also from interactions between macromolecules and conformational changes in protein complexes and mass Ca2+ movement such as that occurring in contracting skeletal muscle. The last chapter provides an account of equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the enthalpy balance method. It reveals that calometric measurements are useful in studies of clinical and toxicological problems.

目次

Preface (E.E. Bittar and N. Bittar). Primary Ion Pumps (J.P. Andersen and B. Vilsen). Facilitative Glucose Transport (C.F. Burant). Cation-Coupled Transport (R.M. Johnstone and J.I. McCormick). Sodium-Calcium Exchangers and Calcium Pumps (E.E. Strehler). The Na+/H+ Exchanger (C. Frelin and P. Vigne). Oxidase Control of Plasma Membrane Proton Transport (F.L. Crane, I.L. Sun, R.A. Crowe, and H. Low). Cell Volume Regulation (D. Haussinger). Some Aspects of Medical Imaging (H.K. Huang). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Cell Metabolism In Vivo (R. Callies and K.M. Brindle). Calorimetric Techniques (I. Wadso). Heat Dissipation and Metabolism in Isolated Mammalian Cells (R.B. Kemp).
巻冊次

pt. 4 ISBN 9781559388085

内容説明

This volume is intended to complete the Cell Chemistry and physiology module. It is about how the traditional boundaries of cell chemistry and physiology are being erased by molecular biology. We do not think it necessary to elaborate on this theme, particularly since the body of core knowledge found in this volume brings us a stage closer to answering the question, "what makes cell biology into a new discipline?"The first part of the volume deals with the chemistry of actin and myosin and is followed by chapters on cell motility, ATP synthesis in muscle, and contraction in smooth and skeletal muscle. Here the reader is immediately made aware of the contributions molecular biology is making to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle contraction. It is perhaps enough to point out that Huxley's concept of the cross-bridge cycle and generation of force can now be explained in molecular terms. Topics such as muscle fatigue and muscle disorders, as well as malignant hyperthermia are bound to arouse active learning in the student and set the stage for problem-based learning.Most medical students look askance at thermobiology. We think this is a mistake; hence, we have included a section dealing with this subject. This brings us to the chapter on the heat shock response, which at the very outset makes clear that many stressors besides heat are known to result in heat shock gene expression. Many of the heat shock proteins occur in unstressed cells and some of them behave as chaperones. These proteins also reach high levels in a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Whether certain diseases are the result of mutations in the heat shock genes is not yet known. As will be appreciated, much of the work done in this field involved the use of cultured cells. Animal cells in culture are the subject of the last chapter.

目次

Contents. List of Contributors. Preface (E.E. Bittar and N. Bittar). The Cytoskeleton-Microtubules and Microfilaments: A Biological Perspective (S.K. Malhotra and T.K. Shnitka). Actin Polymerization: Regulation by Divalent Metla Ion and Nucleotide Binding, ATP Hydrolysis and Actin Binding Proteins (M. Carlier and D. Pantaloni). Myosins (D.D. Lorimer and P. de Lanerolle). Cell Motility (S.K. Maciver and A.G. Weeds). Mitochondrial Oxidations and ATP Synthesis in Muscle (D.M. Turnbull and H.S.A. Sherratt). Regulation and Activity of Smooth Muscle (L. Barr). The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Contraction (M. Peckham). Muscle Fatigue (E. Hultman and L.L. Spriet). Skeletal Muscle Disorders (M.A. Johnson, K.M.D. Bush, L.V.B. Anderson, and J.B. Harris). Principles of Medical Cryobiology: The Freezing of Living Cells, Tissues, and Organs (P. Mazur). Clinical Applications of Cryobiology (J.H. Southard). Malignant Hyperthermia (C. Johnson and s. Kotamraju). The Human Heat Shock Response (D.A. Jurivich). Cell Culture (M.L. Taub). Index.

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