CiNii Books - Phase diagrams and ceramic processes

Ceramic products are fabricated from selected and consolidated raw materials through the application of thermal and mechanical energy. The complex connec tions between thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, fabrication processes, phase development, and ceramic properties define the undergraduate curriculum in Ceramic Science and Ceramic Engineering. Phase diagrams are usually introduced into the engineering curriculum during the study of physical chemistry, prior to specialization into ceramic engineering. This creates an artificial separation between consideration of the equilibrium description of the chemically heterogeneous system and the engineering and physical processes required for phase, microstructure, and property development in ceramic materials. Although convenient for instructional purposes, the separa tion of these topics limits the effective application of phase diagram information by the ceramic engineer in research and manufacturing problem solving. The nature of oxide phases, which define their useful engineering properties, are seldom linked to the stability of those phases which underlies their reliability as engineered products. Similarly, ceramic fabrication processes are seldom dis cussed within the context of the equilibrium or metastable phase diagram. In this text, phase diagrams are presented with a discussion of ceramics' properties and processing. Particular emphasis is placed on the nature of the oxides themselves-their structural and dielectric properties-which results in unique and stable product performance. Any set of systematic property measurements can be the basis for a phase diagram: every experiment is an experiment in the approach to phase equilibrium.

Table of Contents

Preface. Introduction. Products and properties. Mass transport for reaction. From equilibrium thermodynamics to phase equilibria. The phase rule and heterogeneous equilibria. One and two component system presentations. Three or more component equilibria. Engineered systems and oxide phase equilibria. References. Index.

Volume: : pbk ISBN 9780442011338

Description

Ceramic products are fabricated from selected and consolidated raw materials through the application of thermal and mechanical energy. The complex connec- tions between thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, fabrication processes, phase development, and ceramic properties define the undergraduate curriculum in Ceramic Science and Ceramic Engineering. Phase diagrams are usually introduced into the engineering curriculum during the study of physical chemistry, prior to specialization into ceramic engineering. This creates an artificial separation between consideration of the equilibrium description of the chemically heterogeneous system and the engineering and physical processes required for phase, microstructure, and property development in ceramic materials. Although convenient for instructional purposes, the separa- tion of these topics limits the effective application of phase diagram information by the ceramic engineer in research and manufacturing problem solving. The nature of oxide phases, which define their useful engineering properties, are seldom linked to the stability of those phases which underlies their reliability as engineered products. Similarly, ceramic fabrication processes are seldom dis- cussed within the context of the equilibrium or metastable phase diagram. In this text, phase diagrams are presented with a discussion of ceramics' properties and processing. Particular emphasis is placed on the nature of the oxides themselves-their structural and dielectric properties-which results in unique and stable product performance. Any set of systematic property measurements can be the basis for a phase diagram: every experiment is an experiment in the approach to phase eqUilibrium.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Ceramic Phases and Phase Equilibria.- 1.2 Oxides in the Environment.- 1.3 Phase Diagrams and Ceramic Processes.- 2. Products and Properties.- 2.1 Electromagnetic Properties and Applications.- Dielectric and Ferroelectric Interactions.- Magnetic Interactions.- 2.2 Refractory Applications.- 3. Mass Transport for Reaction.- 3.1 Defects in Oxides.- Defect Terminology.- Defect Formation.- Extrinsic Defects.- 3.2 Ideal Impurity Incorporation.- 3.3 Impurities and Defects in Real Oxides.- 4. From Equilibrium Thermodynamics to Phase Equilibria.- 4.1 Thermodynamic Functions and Relationships.- Multicomponent Equilibria and the Chemical Potential.- Partial Molar Quantities.- 4.2 The System Definition for Chemical Equilibria.- Intensive Variables.- The Chemical Components.- The System Boundary.- Extensive Variables.- 4.3 State Function Measurement or Calculation.- 4.4 Solution Properties.- Liquid Solutions.- Statistical Treatment of Solutions.- Solid Solutions.- 4.5 Congruent Phase Transition.- Polymorphic Phase Transformation.- Congruent Transformation in Crystalline Solids.- 4.6 Nucleation Phenomena and Transformation Kinetics.- Observability, Persistence, and Equilibrium.- T-T-T Phenomena.- Heterogeneous Nucleation.- Impurity Effects on Phase Nucleation and Transformation.- Vapor-Solid Transformation.- Phase Transformation in a Constrained System.- 5. The Phase Rule and Heterogeneous Equilibria.- 5.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule.- Derivation of the Phase Rule.- Requirements for Calculated Equilibrium.- 5.2 The Phase Diagram.- The System Components.- 6. One- and Two-Component System Presentations.- 6.1 One-Component Systems.- 6.2 Two-Component or Binary Systems.- Graphical Characteristics.- Collected, Quasibinary, and Other Presentations.- Equilibrium in an Open System.- The Vapor Phase in a Closed System.- 6.3 Binary Phase Compatibility and Mass Balance.- Scaling the Diagram.- Crystallization Analysis.- 6.4 Heterogeneous Crystallization.- Binary Univariant Interpretation.- Equilibrium Crystallization and Undercooling.- Non-equilibrium Growth from the Binary Melt.- Segregation Phenomena.- 6.5 Binary Metastability.- Metastable Crystallization from the Melt.- Stranded Phases and Instability on Heating.- Pressure and Solute Effects.- 6.6 Rules for Diagram Construction.- Invariant Behaviors.- Univariant Behaviors and Metastable Extensions.- 7. Three or More Component Equilibria.- 7.1 The Ternary System.- The Alkemade Theorem.- Extended Solid Solutions.- Metastable Extensions.- 7.2 Ternary Phase Compatibility and Mass Balance.- Lever Rule Calculation in the Ternary.- Example of Technique.- Crystallization Mapping in the Ternary.- Constructing the Ternary Crystallization Map.- 7.3 Special Ternary Diagram Presentations.- 7.4 Quaternary and Higher System Diagrams.- 8. Engineered Systems and Oxide Phase Equilibria.- 8.1 Conditions and Kinetics of Reaction.- A Simplified Reacting System.- Cation Characteristics and Reaction.- Electronegativity and Ionicity.- Ionization Potential and Acid-base Behavior.- Reaction with a Vapor Phase.- 8.2 Reaction in Ceramic Processing.- Mechanical Aggregate Systems.- Aggregate Design for Reaction.- Calcination.- Sintering.- Sintering of Mixtures.- Reactive Sintering.- Sintering with a Liquid Phase.- Consideration of the Vapor Phase.- Sintering Additives.- 8.3 Consideration of Engineering Design.- Thermal Interaction and "Aging".- Nonthermal Interactions.- Interactions to Failure.- Liquid Containment Interactions.- References.- Suggested Exercises.

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Phase diagrams and ceramic processes

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