The cerebral perivascular cells
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書誌事項
The cerebral perivascular cells
（Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, v. 147）
Springer, 1998
- :pbk. : alk. paper
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
References ...77 Subject Index...89 XI 1 Introduction 1.1 Antigen Presentation and Antigen Presenting Cells A key issue in the pathogenesis of any chronic degenerative (auto )immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) is how pathologically altered autologous neuronal proteins can trigger a reaction of the immune system. The specific and greatly multi- plied immune response is decisive for the outcome of the disease. Current knowledge shows that the immune system gets involved and potentiates a progressive neuronal degeneration in two ways, which are not mutually exclusive. First, provided the immunogenic autologous protein occurs in the interstitial fluid of CNS in amounts which cannot be phagocytized and cleared by the leptomeningeal macrophages, it reaches the cervical lymph nodes passively along the perivascular spaces, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment above the cribriform plate, and the lymphatics of the nasal mucosa (Cserr and Ostrach 1974; Weller et al. 1992; Zhang et al. 1992; Kida et al. 1993). The immunological significance of this "late" pathway typical for advanced neurodegeneration has been confirmed by Harling-Berg et al.
(1989), who showed that the cervical lymph nodes are the main site of antibody production against foreign protein injected into the central gray matter of the rat brain.
目次
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Antigen Presentation and Antigen Presenting Cells.- 1.2 Antigen Presentation within the CNS.- 1.3 Microglia Might Be the Cerebral Antigen Presenting Cells.- 1.4 Theories on the Antigen Presentation Site.- 1.5 Questions Still Open.- 1.6 Methodological Approach.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Animals.- 2.2 Overview of Animal Experiments.- 2.3 Surgery.- 2.4 Number of Sprouting Neurons After Retrograde Tracing with HRP.- 2.5 Number of Surviving Neurons After Resection of the Facial Nerve.- 2.6 Neuronophagic Microglia Identified by Vital Labeling with Fluoro-Gold.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Resection of 10 mm of the Facial Nerve Causes a Slow Loss of Facial Motoneurons in the Adult Rat.- 3.1.1 Comparison of Axonal Sprouting After Transection and Resection of the Facial Nerve as Revealed by Retrograde Tracing with Horseradish Peroxidase.- 3.1.2 Comparison of Neuron Numbers in the Facial Nucleus After Transection and Resection of the Facial Nerve as Revealed by Immunocytochemistry with Anti-NSE.- 3.2 No Breakdown of the Blood - Brain Barrier or Passage of Unprimed Lymphocytes into Brain Tissue After Facial Nerve Resection.- 3.2.1 Intact Blood - Brain Barrier to HRP After Resection of the Facial Nerve.- 3.2.2 No Entry of Lymphocytes into the Brain Tissue After Resection of the Facial Nerve.- 3.2.3 No Immunopositive Cells for "Lymphocyte-Recognizing" Antibodies Observed in the Lesioned Facial Nucleus.- 3.3 Fluoro-Gold Labeling of Motoneurons, Phagocytic Microglia and Perivascular Cells.- 3.3.1 Injection of Fluoro-Gold 29 into the Whiskerpad Muscles.- 3.3.2 Intravenous Injection of Fluoro-Gold.- 3.3.3 Intracerebroventricular Injection of Fluoro-Gold.- 3.4 Time Course of Existence and Migration of Fluoro-Gold-Labeled Neuronophages.- 3.4.1 Quantitative Estimates on the Neuronofugal Migration of Phagocytic Microglia as Identified by Fluoro-Gold.- 3.4.2 Migration of FG-Labeled Neuronophages.- 3.5 Immunocytochemistry of the Fluoro-Gold-Labeled Neuronophages.- 3.5.1 Bright-Field Immunohistochemistry.- 3.5.2 Combination of Immunohistochemistry with Fluoro-Gold Labeling.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes Are Not the APC of the Brain.- 4.2 Microglia Are Not the APC of the Brain.- 4.2.1 Phagocytic Microglia Either Return to a Resting State or Die Due to Apoptosis.- 4.2.2 No Contact Between Phagocytic Microglia and Lymphocytes Beyond the Intact Blood - Brain Barrier of the Lesioned Facial Nucleus.- 4.2.3 Phagocytic Microglia Do Not Reach the Perivascular Space of the Brain.- 4.3 The Perivascular Cells Are the APC of the Brain.- 4.3.1 Sequential Immunoquenching Reveals That ED2-Positive Perivascular Cells Can Act as Neuronophages.- 5 Summary.- References.
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