CiNii 図書 - Philosophy in the flesh : the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought

Three major findings of cognitive science cast doubt on the past 2,500 years of Western philosophy. Lakoff and Johnson propose to rebuild philosophy from the ground up, starting from clearly known facts about the mind. . In this radical rebuilding of Western philosophy from a scientific basis, Lakoff and Johnson first describe the kind of philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously; reexamine such basic concepts as time, the mind, the self, and morality; reexamine a host of philosophical traditions from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality; and finally take on two major issues in twentieth-century philosophy: how we conceive rationality and how we conceive language. What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the center of Western philosophy for centuries. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptionsthat we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universalthat are now called into question by well-established results of cognitive science. It has been shown empirically that:Most thought is unconscious. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way. Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Much of the subject matter of philosopy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. All the richness comes from metaphor. For instance, we have two mutually incompatible metaphors for time, both of which represent it as movement through space: in one it is a flow past us and in the other a spatial dimension we move along. Mind is embodied. Thought requires a bodynot in the trivial sense that you need a physical brain to think with, but in the profound sense that the very structure of our thoughts comes from the nature of the body. Nearly all of our unconscious metaphors are based on common bodily experiences. Most of the central themes of the Western philosophical tradition are called into question by these findings. The Cartesian person, with a mind wholly separate from the body, does not exist. The Kantian person, capable of moral action according to the dictates of a universal reason, does not exist. The phenomenological person, capable of knowing his or her mind entirely through introspection alone, does not exist. The utilitarian person, the Chomskian person, the poststructuralist person, the computational person, and the person defined by analytic philosopy all do not exist. Then what does?Lakoff and Johnson show that a philosopy responsible to the science of mind offers radically new and detailed understandings of what a person is. After first describing the philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously, they re-examine the basic concepts of the mind, time, causation, morality, and the self: then they rethink a host of philosophical traditions, from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality through modern analytic philosopy. They reveal the metaphorical structure underlying each mode of thought and show how the metaphysics of each theory flows from its metaphors. Finally, they take on two major issues of twentieth-century philosopy: how we conceive rationality, and how we conceive language. Philosopy in the Flesh reveals a radically new understanding of what it means to be human and calls for a thorough rethinking of the Western philosophical tradition. This is philosopy as it has never been seen before.

Introduction: Who Are We?
How The Embodied Mind Challenges The Western Philosophical Tradition
The Cognitive Unconscious
The Embodied Mind
Primary Metaphor and Subjective Experience
The Anatomy of Complex Metaphor
Embodied Realism: Cognitive Science Versus A Priori Philosophy
Realism and Truth
Metaphor and Truth
The Cognitive Science Of Basic Philosophical Ideas
The Cognitive Science of Philosophical Ideas
Time
Events and Causes
The Mind
The Self
Morality
The Cognitive Science Of Philosophy
The Cognitive Science of Philosophy
The Pre-Socratics: The Cognitive Science of Early Greek Metaphysics
Plato
Aristotle
Descartes and the Enlightenment Mind
Kantian Morality
Analytic Philosophy
Chomskys Philosophy and Cognitive Linguistics
The Theory of Rational Action
How Philosophical Theories Work
Embodied Philosophy
Philosophy in the Flesh.

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Philosophy in the flesh : the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought

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