Explaining English grammar
著者
書誌事項
Explaining English grammar
(Oxford handbooks for language teachers)
Oxford University Press, 1998
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. [308]-321) and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
For teachers, one of the most challenging student reactions to being taught grammar is this: 'I understand how to use this structure, but why do I have to use it?'
In this book, George Yule focuses on the grammar topics that give rise to these why-questions. His explanations link form, meaning, and real-life use, and are supported throughout by exercises and discussion points.
目次
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- 1. Introduction
- Overview
- Basic Forms
- - On terminology
- - On being ungrammatical
- - On good English
- Basic meanings
- - 'I am more interesting in English Grammar'
- - Why can I say 'I shot the sheriff', but not *'I smiled the sheriff'?
- - Linguistic distance
- Meanings in context
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 2. Articles
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - An article machine
- Basic meanings
- - Countability
- - Singular or plural?
- - Individuation
- - Conceptual structure: classifying and identifying
- Meanings in context
- - Already given: anaphoric and cataphoric (the)
- - Clearly given (zero article)
- - A note on a new article
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 3. Tense and aspect
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - The basic structure
- Basic meanings
- - Tense
- - Aspect
- - Lexical aspect
- - Grammatical aspect
- Meanings in context
- - In a magazine article
- - In academic writing
- - In narratives
- - In a news report
- - In spoken discourse
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 4. Modals
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - The simple modals
- Basic meanings
- - Epistemic modality
- - Root modality
- - Necessary and possible
- Meanings in context
- - The potential of can
- - The possibility of may
- - The necessity of must
- - The likelihood of will
- - The requirements of should
- - Negation and modals
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 5. Conditionals
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - Factual conditionals
- - Predictive conditionals
- - Hypothetical conditionals
- - Counterfactual conditionals
- Basic meanings
- - What happens if ... ?
- - What will happen if ... ?
- - What would happen if ... ?
- - What would have happened if ... ?
- Meanings in context
- - Restating
- - Contrasting
- - Listing alternatives
- - Giving examples
- - End-weight
- - Uncertainty and politeness
- - Exceptional and concessive conditionals
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 6. Prepositions and particles
- Overview
- Basic forms
- Prepositions
- Basic meanings: prepositions
- - Location in space
- - Location in time
- - Location in metaphor
- Particles
- Basic meanings: particles
- - Up and down
- - Off, on, out, and away
- Meanings in context
- - End-weight
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 7. Indirect objects
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - Types of verbs
- - Basic structures: origins and pronunciation
- Basic meanings
- - Humans, transfer, and having
- - Transfer and not having
- - Creating, getting, and benefiting
- Meanings in context
- - End-weight
- - Linguistic distance
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 8. Infinitives and gerunds
- Overview
- Basic forms
- Basic meanings
- - Group 1: verbs with only finite (that ...) complements
- - Group 2: verbs with only to-V non-finite complements
- - Group 3: verbs with only V-ing non-finite complements
- - Group 4: verbs with both to-V and V-ing complements
- Meanings in context
- - Noun-like events
- - Verb-like actions
- - Deny and refuse
- - Types of verbs
- - Linguistic distance
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 9. Relative clauses
- Overview
- Basic forms
- - Subject relatives
- - Object relatives
- - After-preposition relatives
- - Possessive relatives
- - Basic structures
- Basic meanings
- - Who, which, that
- - Where, when, why
- Meanings in context
- - Introducing new information
- - Connecting with given information
- - End-weight
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- 10. Direct and indirect speech
- Overview
- Basic forms
- Basic meanings
- - Direct speech as drama
- - Indirect speech as narrative
- - Summarized reports
- - Reporting verbs
- - 'The teachers were saying ...'
- Meanings in context
- - Free indirect discourse
- - Constructed dialogue
- - Discussion topics and projects
- - Teaching ideas
- - Further reading
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Answers to exercises
- Index
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