The institutionalised transformation of the East German economy
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書誌事項
The institutionalised transformation of the East German economy
（Contributions to economics）
Physica-Verlag, c1998
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. [306]-318)
内容説明・目次
内容説明
"It is, perhaps, worth stressing that economic problems arise always and only in consequence of change. So long as things continue as before, or at least as they were expected to, there arise no new problems requiring a decision, no need to form a plan. " (Hayek, 1945, p. 523) This book is based on my research for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy which I received from Lancaster University, England in the second half of 1997. It is an analysis of the structural transformation of the economic system in East Germany and the behavioural relations these changes imply. The approach of institutionalised transformation (not the least by the creation of the Treuhandanstalt) is examined with a theory-based framework which is derived from system-theoretical, evolutionary and constitutional-ethical considerations as well as from the newly developed adjustment model which has been constructed as a dynamic transformation approach. A relationship between norm changes, the new institutional framework of the economic system and the compatibility of the latter with changes of the remaining partial societal systems is recognised. Rigidity factors in the system's flexibility to react as well as the adjustment of economic behaviour to structural changes are analysed. The "marginal product of system change" is defined (section 2. 8. 2).
目次
One Research Objectives, Methodology and Layout.- 1.1 Field of Analysis and Research Objectives.- 1.2 Methodological Discussion.- 1.3 Structure of Analysis.- Two Theoretical Approaches to System Analysis and the Institutional Framework.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General System Theory.- 2.2.1 System Segmentation.- 2.2.2 The Institutional Framework.- 2.2.2.1 The Economic System as a Partial Social System.- 2.2.2.2 Social Goal Functions.- 2.2.3 The Organisational Framework.- 2.2.3.1 Hierarchical Organisational Structures.- 2.2.3.2 The Coordination Structure.- 2.2.3.3 The Decision-Making and Information Structure.- 2.2.3.4 The Motivation Structure.- 2.3 Evolutionary Approaches of System Transformation.- 2.3.1 Non-Deterministic Approaches of System Transformation.- 2.3.1.1 The Ordo-Liberal Theory of Economic Systems.- 2.3.1.1.1 The Morphological Methodology of the Approach.- 2.3.1.1.2 The Pure Forms of Economic Systems.- 2.3.1.1.2.1 The Exchange Economy.- 2.3.1.1.2.2 The Centrally Directed Economy.- 2.3.1.1.3 The Course of Action on the Basis of the Economic System.- 2.3.1.2 The Property Rights Theory.- 2.3.1.2.1 The Structure of Property Rights and Transaction Costs.- 2.3.1.2.2 The Evolution of Property Rights.- 2.3.1.2.3 A Critique of the Transaction Cost Approach as Part of the Property Rights Theory.- 2.3.1.3 Liberal Economics.- 2.3.1.3.1 The Natural Order of Freedom and Evolutionary Competition.- 2.3.1.3.2 The Concept of Spontaneous Orders.- 2.3.2 Deterministic Approaches of System Transformation.- 2.3.2.1 The Schumpeterian Theory of Economic Development.- 2.3.2.1.1 The Theory of Creative Destruction and Business Cycles.- 2.3.2.1.2 The Inevitable Transformation of the Capitalist System into Socialism.- 2.3.2.1.3 The Economic Order and the Feasibility of Socialism.- 2.3.2.1.4 The Phase of Transition and the Role of Democracy.- 2.3.2.2 The Marxist Law of Motion.- 2.3.2.2.1 The Philosophical Basis of Dialectic Materialism.- 2.3.2.2.2 The Basis-Superstructure-Theorem as Methodological Foundation.- 2.3.2.2.3 The Historic Development of Communism.- 2.3.2.2.4 A Methodological Critique.- 2.3.2.3 The Development Theory of Rostow.- 2.3.2.3.1 Stages of Sectoral Growth.- 2.3.2.3.2 An Incomplete Analysis of the Transition Phase.- 2.3.2.4 The Convergence Theory.- 2.3.2.4.1 The Open Approach.- 2.3.2.4.2 The Closed Approach.- 2.3.2.4.2.1 The Necessity of Planning in the Industrial Society.- 2.3.2.4.2.2 The Convergence of Industrial Societies.- 2.3.3 Classification of the Two German Economies and Theoretical Relevance of Dynamic Approaches.- 2.4 The Institutional Structure of Control Inside the Firm and Organisational Efficiency.- 2.4.1 The Organisational Form and Input Factor Monitoring.- 2.4.2 The Codeterministic Form of Participation and Input Factor Productivity.- 2.4.2.1 Mandatory Codetermination.- 2.4.2.2 Voluntary Codetermination.- 2.4.3 Empirical Studies of Participatory Organisational Forms - Misinterpretation and Lack of Differentiation.- 2.4.3.1 Existing Empirical Studies.- 2.4.3.2 The Need for Differentiation within the Analysis of Codetermination.- 2.4.3.2.1 Self-Management as Opposed to Ill-Defined Property Rights.- 2.4.3.2.2 Constraints of Codetermination within the German Participatory Laws.- 2.5 Constitutional Economics and the Theory of the Democratic Firm.- 2.5.1 The Conventional Employment Contract and Ethics.- 2.5.1.1 The Rights-Based Versus the Utilitarian Normative Theory.- 2.5.1.2 Positive and Negative Control Rights.- 2.5.1.3 The Labour Theory of Property.- 2.5.1.4 The Inalienable Rights Theory.- 2.5.1.5 The Appropriation Critique.- 2.5.2 The Theory of Economic Democracy and the Firm.- 2.5.2.1 General Democratic Principles.- 2.5.2.2 The Democratic Firm.- 2.5.2.2.1 Property Rights and Personal Rights.- 2.5.2.2.2 The Democratic Principle of Self-Governance.- 2.5.2.3 The Financing of Democratic Worker-Owned Firms.- 2.5.2.3.1 The Net Asset Value of the Firm and Internal Capital Accounts.- 2.5.2.3.2 External Financing.- 2.5.2.4 Examples of Worker Ownerships.- 2.5.2.4.1 Traditional Worker Stock Cooperatives.- 2.5.2.4.2 Yugoslav-Type Worker Cooperative.- 2.5.2.4.3 Mondragon-Type Worker Cooperatives.- 2.5.2.4.4 The Employee Share Ownership Plan.- 2.5.2.4.5 The Chinese Responsibility System.- 2.5.2.4.6 Hungarian New Economic Mechanism-Reforms of 1968.- 2.5.2.4.7 Soviet-Type Cooperatives.- 2.5.2.5 Reform Suggestions.- 2.6 An Alternative Allocation of Control within the Codeterministic Firm and the Democratic Firm.- 2.6.1 Individual and Corporate Objectives.- 2.6.2 The Principle of Free Choice of Participation and Primary Control Rights.- 2.6.3 Performance Related Income and Secondary Control Rights.- 2.6.4 The Wage Committee, the Representative Board and Wage Negotiations.- 2.7 Theoretical Synthesis.- 2.8 Modelling of a Dynamic Transformation Approach.- 2.8.1 Basic Assumptions.- 2.8.2 The Adjustment Model.- 2.8.3 Conclusions from the Adjustment Model.- Three The Institutionalisation of the East German System Transformation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Former East German Economic Structure of a Socialist Planned Economy.- 3.2.1 Principles of the East German Political Economy.- 3.2.2 The Structure of Planned Economic Operation.- 3.2.3 The Organisational Structure of Combines.- 3.2.4 The Ownership Doctrine of Marxism-Leninism.- 3.2.4.1 The Three Phases Of Expropriation.- 3.2.4.2 Constitutional and De Facto Significance of Socialist Property.- 3.2.5 Insufficient Reform Efforts (NES, ESS).- 3.3 Transformation of the Centralised Structure of Organisation and Decision-Making.- 3.3.1 Corporatisation of Nationally-Owned Enterprises.- 3.3.2 The Assignment of Limited Private Property Rights to the Treuhandanstalt and TH-Corporations.- 3.3.3 The Decentralised Structure of the Treuhand.- 3.3.4 The Organisational Structure of Newly-Corporated Enterprises.- 3.4 Deconcentration of Combines as Basis for Competitive Market Structures.- 3.4.1 Competition Law and Policy: Principles and Assumptions.- 3.4.2 Pragmatic Deconcentration Sanctioned by the Separation Law - Spaltungsgesetz -.- 3.5 Establishment of Unambiguous Property Rights.- 3.5.1 German Political Unification and its Constitutional Property Rights Implications.- 3.5.2 Re-Privatisation of Peoples' and State Administered Property.- 3.5.2.1 Restitution: Benchmark Figures.- 3.5.2.2 The Principle of Injustice of National Separation: Restitution and Return of Property to the Previous Owners.- 3.5.2.3 Restitution to Local Authorities and Corporations under Public Law.- 3.5.2.4 Enterprise Restitution: Some Empirical Results.- 3.5.2.5 Synopsis and Economic Implications.- 3.5.3 New-Privatisation Through the Sale of Corporate Shares.- 3.5.3.1 Market Simulation by the Treuhand.- 3.5.3.2 Methods of Privatisation.- 3.5.3.2.1 Evaluation of Peoples' Property.- 3.5.3.2.2 The Principle of Mass Privatisation.- 3.5.3.2.2.1 Outsider Privatisation.- 3.5.3.2.2.2 Insider Privatisation in the Form of MBOs.- 3.5.3.3 Incorporation of a Selected Behaviour Function.- 3.5.4 Record of the Privatisation by the Treuhand.- 3.6 Concluding Remarks: Institutionalised System Change and Room for Transitional Economic Policy.- Four Transitional Privatisation Policy: Objectives, Instruments and Theoretical Implications.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Open Property Issues: Institutionalised Support of Capital Investment.- 4.2.1 The Principle of Restitution and the Restraint of Disposal.- 4.2.2 Initial Regulations: Property Transactions in the Case of Restitutional Claims.- 4.2.2.1 Simple Regulations for Transactions.- 4.2.2.2 Super Regulations for Transactions.- 4.2.3 Final Regulations: The Precedence of Capital Investment over Restitution.- 4.2.3.1 Forms of Capital Investment and Investment Purposes.- 4.2.3.2 Formal Procedure and Interpretation.- 4.3 Property Rights-Theoretical Implications.- 4.3.1 Transaction Costs as Public Costs.- 4.3.2 Re-Definition of Some Property Rights-Theoretical Assumptions.- 4.3.2.1 Value of the Property Right as Allocative Force.- 4.3.2.2 Positive Transaction Costs and the Creation of Private Property Rights.- 4.4 Interpretation: Integration of a Selection Function.- 4.4.1 Definition of Political Objectives and the "Best" Private Owner.- 4.4.2 Truncation of Property Rights and Internalisation of Social Costs.- 4.4.3 Income and Distribution Effects.- 4.4.4 First-Best and Second-Best Solutions.- 4.5 Conclusions.- Five Economic Implications and Post-Institutionalisation Policy.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The Initial Economic Reorganisation Shocks.- 5.2.1 Fundamental System Modifications Restated.- 5.2.2 Capital Depreciation Shock.- 5.2.3 Currency Appreciation Shock.- 5.2.4 Wage Shock.- 5.3 Mediation of the Process of Forming New Economic Structures.- 5.3.1 The Ordo-Liberal Concept and the Scope of Central Action.- 5.3.2 Implications of the Policy of Institutional Transformation.- 5.3.2.1 Concentration of Sectoral Adjustment Deficiencies.- 5.3.2.2 Concentration of Regional Adjustment Deficiencies.- 5.3.3 Post-Institutionalisation Policy.- 5.3.3.1 Transitional Investment Policy.- 5.3.3.1.1 Tax-Based Programmes.- 5.3.3.1.2 Investment Support under Regional Development Schemes.- 5.3.3.1.3 Loan Programmes for "SMEs".- 5.3.3.1.4 Effectiveness of Investment Policy.- 5.3.3.2 Instruments of Transitional Labour Market Policy.- 5.3.3.3 Research Policy and Technological Progress.- 5.4 Growth Perspectives.- 5.4.1 Capital Accumulation and Capacity Effect.- 5.4.2 Endogeneous Business Cycles Expressed as Accelerator.- 5.4.3 The New Theory of Growth and Human Capital.- 5.5 Conclusions.- Six Application of the Adjustment Model to the East German Transformation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 System Change and Rigidity Analysis.- 6.2.1 Low Reaction Flexibility Defined Un-Sustainability of Previous System.- 6.2.2 Rigidity Analysis of System Transformation.- 6.2.2.1 Some Principles Restated.- 6.2.2.2 Norm Changes and Interactions of Economic System Participants.- 6.2.2.3 Adaptation of a New Societal Goal Function.- 6.2.2.4 Compatibility of Norm Changes with Partial Societal System Changes.- 6.2.3 Grade of the New Economic System's Order.- 6.3 Adjustment Deficiencies of Economic Behaviour.- 6.3.1 "Marginal Product of System Change" as Adjustment Elasticity.- 6.3.2 Time-Lag of Behavioural Adjustment.- 6.3.3 X-Inefficient Decentralisation of Organisational Structures.- 6.3.4 Concentration of Ownership and Intercorporate Control.- 6.3.5 Company and Market Restructuring: Decision-Externalisation.- 6.4 Conclusions.- Seven The Welfare Concept of the East German Transformation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Non-Comparatibility of Interpersonal Utilities, and Social Welfare Concept.- 7.3 Definition of the Welfare Feasibility Frontier and the Social Welfare Function.- 7.4 Axioms of the Social Welfare Function and Definition of Social Welfare Improvements.- 7.5 Mathematical-Theoretical Formulation of the Social Welfare Function, its Shape and Distributional Parameters, and its Growth Function.- 7.6 Social Welfare and Behavioural Selection Function.- 7.7 Welfare and Property Value Relationship.- 7.8 Welfare Ambiguity: Partial Welfare Elasticities and Growth Rates of Consumers' and Producers' Surplus.- 7.9 Conclusions.- Eight Synopsis and Conclusions.- 8.1 Relevance of the East German Case Study for Transformational Economics.- 8.2 System Theory Restated and Refined.- 8.2.1 The Adjustment Model as Modification of System Analysis.- 8.2.2 Organisational Framework and Identity of Rights Holders.- 8.3 Evolutionary Approaches Restated and Refined.- 8.3.1 Applicability of the Ordo-Liberal Theory and Liberal Economics.- 8.3.1.1 Terminological Differentiation between Transformation and Evolution.- 8.3.1.2 Refined "Institutional Structure-Conduct-Performance" Approach.- 8.3.1.3 Economic-Ethical and Economic-Democratic Principles.- 8.3.2 Applicability of the Property Rights Theory for Transformational Economics.- 8.4 Limitations of the Analysis.- 8.5 Institutionalised Transformation: The Right Approach?.- Footnotes.- Abbreviations.- List of Tables, Figures and Diagrams.- Legal References.
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