A course in phonology

著者

書誌事項

A course in phonology

Iggy Roca and Wyn Johnson

Blackwell Publishers, 1999

  • : pbk
  • : hbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. [665]-682) and indexes

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

: hbk ISBN 9780631213451

内容説明

This textbook presupposes no prior knowledge of phonology or phonetics, and takes the learner step by step through the various stages and areas of the discipline without sacrificing rigor or breadth of coverage. The book's extraordinary clarity makes it readily understandable by anyone with a keen interest in phonology.The substance of phonology is more constant and more general than the limitations inherent in any particular theory or formalism may suggest. The book therefore provides a coherent account for beginner-students, rooted primarily - but by no means exclusively - in the phonology of English. No particular theory or formal apparatus is preferred over another; instead, the essence of phonology is provided in the most neutral possible way, for the maximum benefit of the reader. The book avoids entanglement in doctrinal disputes and formal minutiae, and aims instead for the general and the permanent.The book reviews all the major advances that have taken place in generative phonology over the past thirty years, including the recent Optimality Theory. Its many pedagogical features encourage interaction with the reader, and include a wealth of check-points, chapter previews and summaries, lists of key points, and exercises for further practice.

目次

Preface. Acknowledgements. Readings Logistics. Key to Symbols. Part I: Phonetics and Phonology: 1. How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents. 2. Introducing Phonology. Assimilation. 3. Sonorant Consonants. 4. Natural Classes of Sounds: Distinctive Features. 5. Vowel Sounds: Cardinal Vowels. 6. Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features. 7. The Vowels of English. 8. The Timing Tier. The Great Vowel Shift. Part II: Suprasegmental Structure: 9. The Syllable. 10. Syllable Complexity: English Phonotactics. 11. The Phenomenon of Stress: Rhythm. 12. Metrical Principles and Parameters. 13. Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery. 14. Tonal Phonology. Part III: Advanced Theory: 15. Modes of Rule Application. The Cycle. 16. Domains of Rule Application: Lexical and Prosodic Phonology. 17. Aspects of Lexical Representations: Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry. 18. Rules and Derivations. 19. Constraints: Optimality Theory. 20. Looking Back and Moving On. References. Glossary. Index of Languages. Index of Names. Index of Subjects.
巻冊次

: pbk ISBN 9780631213468

内容説明

This textbook presupposes no knowledge of phonology or phonetics, and takes the learner step by step through the various stages and areas of the discipline without sacrificing rigor or breadth of coverage. The extraordinary clarity of explanation by the authors make this book readily understood by anyone with a keen interest in phonology.

目次

Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Reading Logistics xviii Key to Symbols xx Part I: Phonetics and Phonology 1 1 How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents 3 1 Speech Sounds 3 2 Fricatives: Place and Manner of Articulation 6 3 Phonetic Transcription 7 4 A Hissing Fricative 9 5 A Fricative in the Back of the Mouth 11 6 A Laryngeal Fricative 14 7 Voice 16 8 The Stop Gesture 19 9 More Stops 20 10 Still More Fricatives 23 11 Affricates 25 12 Summing Up 26 Key Questions 29 Further Practice 29 2 Introducing Phonology: Assimilation 31 1 On How Bilabial Stops Become Labiodental 31 2 Total Place Assimilation in Stops 34 3 Voice Assimilation 38 4 The Organization of Language 41 5 Basic and Derived Forms 45 6 The Formalization of Rules 49 7 Derivations 52 8 Phonetics and Phonology 54 Key Questions 56 Further Practice 57 3 Sonorant Consonants 58 1 General Properties of Sonorants 59 2 Nasality 60 3 The Universal Nasal 63 4 Other Nasal Consonants 65 5 Liquids 69 6 Laterals 70 7 Rhotics 74 8 Summing Up 81 Key Questions 83 Further Practice 83 4 Natural Classes of Sounds: Distinctive Features 85 1 Descriptive Phonetic Parameters 86 2 Distinctive Features 87 3 Naturalness and Formal Economy 90 4 Place Assimilation in Nasals: Natural Classes 92 5 The Feature "Coronal". Active and Passive Articulators 96 6 Single-Value Features 97 7 Constraining Rules: Autosegmental Formalism 99 8 Functional Groupings of Features 102 9 Feature Dependencies 105 Key Questions 112 Further Practice 112 5 Vowel Sounds: Cardinal Vowels 114 1 On What Vowels Are and How They Are Made 115 2 The Two Basic Cardinal Vowels 117 3 The Four Corner Primary Cardinal Vowels: Two Axial Parameters 119 4 Four Perceptually Intermediate Primary Cardinal Vowels: The Roundness Parameter 123 5 Cardinal Vowels and Real-World Vowels: Diacritic Symbols 126 6 Some Vowel Typology: The Basic Vowel Triangle 127 7 Quantum Vowels 129 8 Secondary Cardinal Vowels: Front Round Vowels 130 9 Back Secondary Cardinal Vowels 134 10 Central Vowels 137 Key Questions 140 Further Practice 141 6 Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features 143 1 Distinctive Features for Vowels 144 2 Feature Dependencies 146 3 Two More Distinctive Features 147 4 Back Harmony in Turkish 149 5 Lexical Underspecification 152 6 Vowel Disharmony 154 7 The No-Crossing Constraint 157 8 German Umlaut 160 9 English Plurals 164 Key Questions 167 Further Practice 167 7 The Vowels of English 169 1 Variation in English 169 2 The Four Corner Vowels 173 3 Intermediate Primary Vowels 178 4 More Lax Vowels 181 5 Central Vowels 186 6 Homogeneous Diphthongs 190 7 Heterogeneous Diphthongs 195 8 Centring Diphthongs 199 Key Questions 202 Further Practice 202 8 The Timing Tier and the Great Vowel Shift 204 1 A Puzzle with Affricates 205 2 The Timing Tier 207 3 A Strange Set of Vowel Alternations in English 210 4 Short ~ Long Vowel Alternations 212 5 The Great Vowel Shift 214 6 The Synchronic Reflex of the GVS. Vowel Primes and Vowel Processes 218 7 The SPE Account 221 8 Further Repercussions of the Vowel Shift 223 9 Multidimensional Phonology: The Skeleton 226 Key Questions 229 Further Practice 229 Part II: Suprasegmental Structure 233 9 The Syllable 235 1 The Shape of Children's Early Utterances 236 2 Structure of the Core Syllable 238 3 Sonority and the Syllable 241 4 The Coda 242 5 The Rime 244 6 Basic Syllable Typology 245 7 The Nature of the Syllable 248 8 Complex Nuclei 249 9 Complex Onsets 252 10 The Sonority Hierarchy 253 11 Sonority Distance 256 Key Questions 258 Further Practice 259 10 Syllable Complexity: English Phonotactics 261 1 Complex Codas 262 2 Non-Vocalic Nuclei 265 3 Vowels in Disguise 268 4 Onset Vowels. The "OCP" 271 5 Syllabification of [i u] 275 6 Onset Fulfilment 278 7 Onset Maximization. English Stop Allophony 279 8 No Complex Codas in English 284 9 The Antics of /s/ 288 Key Questions 291 Further Practice 292 11 The Phenomenon of Stress: Rhythm 294 1 Syllable Prominence 295 2 Word Prominence 296 3 Metrical Grids 299 4 Motivating Stress Constrasts 300 5 The Distribution of Stress in Personal Names 302 6 Stress Retraction under Clash 304 7 Word-Internal Stress Retraction 307 8 Retraction Failures: The Continuous Column Constraint 310 9 Rhythm 312 10 Segmental Evidence for Stress: Vowel Reduction 314 11 Stop Allophony 315 Key Questions 318 Further Practice 318 12 Metrical Principles and Parameters 321 1 English Phrasal and Compound Stress 321 2 Extrametricality 323 3 The Elsewhere Condition 325 4 Stress Assignment in Words 327 5 Basic Stress Pattern of English Nouns 329 6 The Metrical Foot 331 7 Main Word Stress in English 333 8 Multiple Stress 335 9 Stress Typology: Metrical Parameters 338 10 Word-Level Stress: Line Conflation 342 Key Questions 346 Further Practice 346 13 Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery 349 1 An Additional Pattern of Stress in English 349 2 Syllable Weight and Metrical Accent 352 3 The Word-Final Consonant 357 4 Long Vowels in the Last Syllable 359 5 Moras 361 6 Foot Structure and Universal Rhythm 365 7 Non-Rhythmic Stress 368 8 Unbounded Feet 371 9 Idiosyncratic Accent 373 Key Questions 379 Further Practice 379 14 Tonal Phonology 382 1 The Phenomenon of Intonation 383 2 The Mechanics of Intonation 384 3 The Primitives of Intonation 385 4 Autosegmental Intonation 387 5 Stress and Intonation 389 6 Non-Lexical Tones 390 7 Three Types of Intonational Tones 391 8 Sentence Intonation 392 9 Tone Languages 393 10 Pitch Accent Languages 395 11 Principles of Autosegmental Association 399 12 Floating Tones 402 Key Questions 406 Further Practice 406 Part III: Advanced Theory 409 15 Modes of Application: The Cycle 411 1 Staged Grid Construction 412 2 Cyclic Tone Association 415 3 Non-Cyclic Refooting 418 4 Final Stress Retraction 422 5 Vowel Shortening 424 6 Strict Cyclicity 427 7 Non-Cyclic Accenting 429 8 Word-Internal Stress Cycle 432 9 The Structure of the Word-Final Syllable 436 Key Questions 441 Further Practice 441 16 Domains of Application: Lexical and Prosodic Phonology 444 1 Three-Mora Feet? 444 2 Violations of the Three-Syllable Window 446 3 Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Affixes 449 4 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 451 5 The Scope of Peripherality 455 6 Word-Internal Cohesion: The Bracket Erasure Convention 457 7 Non-Cyclic Processes 459 8 Ordered Affixes 465 9 Lexical Phonology: Problematic Orderings 469 10 The Phonological Phrase 472 11 The Intonational Phrase 476 12 The Phonological Utterance 480 13 Properties of Phonological Domains 481 14 Subphrasal Phonological Domains 483 15 Segmental Affiliation to the Phonological Word 486 16 Small Phonological Words 488 Key Questions 494 Further Practice 495 17 Aspects of Lexical Representation: Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry 498 1 Effects of Strict Cyclicity 499 2 Lexical Underspecification 502 3 Feature Transparency as Underspecification 504 4 Underspecification and Markedness 507 5 The Theory of Radical Underspecification 511 6 Problems for Radical Underspecification 516 7 Contrast-Restricted Underspecification 521 8 Feature Dependencies 522 9 Feature Geometry 524 10 Class Nodes 526 11 Relations between Vowels and Consonants 529 12 Redundancies between Features 531 13 Privative Features 534 Key Questions 539 Further Practice 539 18 Rules and Derivations 543 1 Rule Ordering: Feeding and Counterfeeding 543 2 Bleeding and Counterbleeding 549 3 Transitivity 552 4 Palatalization 556 5 Further Twists 561 6 Vowel Length Alternations. Tensing 565 7 Cyclic Rules 570 8 Non-Cyclic Rules 576 Key Questions 580 Further Practice 580 19 Constraints: Optimality Theory 584 1 Naturalness of Phonological Inventory: Markedness 585 2 Constraint Ranking: Faithfulness 588 3 Structural Constraints: Syllables 592 4 The Generator. Tableaux 594 5 Basic English Syllables 596 6 Syllable Complexities 600 7 Basic Metrical Structure 605 8 Extrametricality 607 9 Quantity-Sensitivity 609 10 Secondary Footing 612 11 Correspondence Constraints 613 12 Cyclic Effects 617 13 Word Formation through Truncation 619 14 OT Morphology: English Plurals 620 15 English Possessives and Correspondence Theory 624 Key Questions 627 Further Practice 628 20 Looking Back and Moving On 630 1 Phonetics 631 2 Foundations of Phonology 634 3 Syllables 637 4 Stress 639 5 Tone 641 6 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 643 7 Phonological Domains 646 8 Aspects of Lexical Representation 648 9 Derivational Theory 651 10 Optimality Theory 654 Key Questions 660 Further Practice 661 References 665 Glossary 683 Index of Languages 705 Index of Names 709 Index of Subjects 712

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