The Future of community lands : human resources

著者

書誌事項

The Future of community lands : human resources

Emmanuel Ndione ... [et al.]

Intermediate Technology Publications, c1995

  • : pbk

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注記

On cover: Enda Graf

内容説明・目次

内容説明

This book describes the approaches and experiences of rural development workers in Senegal working with small-scale farmers. Its aim is to highlight successful methodological approaches adopted by this group in their attempt to help farmers revitalize the local environment in community lands, while building on the farmers' own experiences. It thus describes a facilitating approach. It is additionally interesting to anglophone readers because the book comes out of the experiences of development workers in francophone West Africa, and thus offers a fresh perspective on the common concerns of development workers worldwide.

目次

  • Introduction xiii
  • Part I The deep roots of community lands 1
  • 1 The community land in the words of the people 3
  • The political history of Fandene 6
  • The changing landscape 11
  • The religious history of Fandene 14
  • The spread of Christianity 16
  • Changing farming practices: the men and women tell
  • their stories 18
  • Outside intervention 27
  • Conclusion: our community land is highly complex 31
  • 2 A complex identity 33
  • Historical identity 34
  • Cultural identity 36
  • Organizational identity 37
  • Strategies and changes 38
  • Landmark conclusions 38
  • Part II The failure of projects to take root 41
  • 3 From a sectoral to a global approach 43
  • A brief history of development projects in West Africa 43
  • New approaches to reafforestation in West Africa 47
  • Trees and forests, symbols of colonial rule 47
  • Trees come to the villages 49
  • From copse to fields, from fields to community land 49
  • Towards local, global and social issues 52
  • Landmark conclusions 55
  • 4 Project type and the role of the local people 57
  • Promotion projects 57
  • Support projects 58
  • Consultative structures 60
  • Models and reality 60
  • Project type and personal profiles 64
  • Where are we going? 65
  • Landmark conclusions 66
  • 5 Techniques and local participation 68
  • Trends 68
  • Reafforestation and differences of perception 74
  • The differing perceptions of community land 85
  • Nobody's technical choices are neutral 89
  • Landmark conclusions 90
  • 6 Power issues 92
  • Analysis of the forces involved in a project 92
  • Project financing and participation 99
  • The price to be paid for participation: local control of
  • environmental resources 103
  • Landmark conclusions 105
  • Part III Interaction 107
  • 7 Sob: a tale of interaction 109
  • From Dakar to Sob 109
  • Two villages and some hamlets 110
  • Arable farming and livestock rearing 111
  • Whose project: the young people's or the village's? 112
  • The village takes control 113
  • Sectoral activities 114
  • Two groups in opposition 114
  • Necessity of an urban setting 115
  • Who has responsibility for health care in the village? 117
  • The connection between plants and their environment 117
  • The village's natural resources under threat 117
  • From sectoral to global 118
  • Looking at practical problems in the field 118
  • The workshop: a springboard towards more global
  • thinking 119
  • Getting the guests to talk and share their points of view 120
  • Global problems and how they are linked 121
  • A new impetus 121
  • Village involvement and consensus-building 122
  • Conflicts over land distribution 123
  • The technical officer's logic vs. the farmer's logic 125
  • A system of credit grows out of the grain bank 126
  • Women and the grain markets 127
  • Is transparency always desirable? 128
  • Formal criteria or unwritten rules? 130
  • Discovering indigenous knowledge 130
  • 8 Beyond building a dam 133
  • The dynamism of the smaller villages 134
  • The village's negotiating and organizational skills 134
  • An experience which shaped Enda's thinking 136
  • Market gardening in the wadi 137
  • Two sites, two dams 139
  • 'The land belongs to everyone' 'How can we be sure of that?' 140
  • Following the footsteps of KMF 141
  • North/South collaboration, or learning to work together 142
  • Traditional organization vs. business logic 142
  • Words of reassurance 145
  • Alarming divergences 146
  • A complex social landscape 149
  • Dispelling doubts 150
  • Settling scores 151
  • Strategies determined by status within the group 152
  • Local social rules 153
  • Rescheduling and calling in the authorities 154
  • Learning more about the actors' unspoken thoughts 156
  • Starting again 157
  • It looked promising ... 160
  • ... and yet nothing changed 160
  • Hidden costs 161
  • The authorities take a stance 162
  • Legal solutions are not always effective 163
  • Back to square one 164
  • Warnings and threats 165
  • Negotiation and forecasting 166
  • The diversity of interest groups 169
  • New communications for a new structure 173
  • Looking at things from a different perspective 173
  • The 'fruits' of the cassava 174
  • Initiatives and self-reliance 174
  • Village programmes and village funds 176
  • 9 The actors 178
  • Projects are about interaction 178
  • The project produces and divides the actors 178
  • Three processes by which projects produce actors 180
  • Versatile actors and shifting social divisions 182
  • Landmark conclusions 183
  • 10 Relational frameworks 185
  • Relational networks as a strategic resource 185
  • The positioning of external actors 187
  • Relational networks and the actors' room for manoeuvre 188
  • Relational networks and communication 189
  • Landmark conclusions 189
  • 11 Interaction . 191
  • Confrontation of world-views 191
  • Value systems and systems of reference 192
  • The internal world of the Support Organization 193
  • Who am I? What am I doing here? The anxiety of the
  • fieldworker 198
  • The interplay of supply and demand 199
  • The villagers' myths about NGOs 200
  • Landmark conclusions 201
  • 12 Learning processes 203
  • Learning on all fronts and letting go of certainties 203
  • Failure, unforeseen events and confrontation: the ingredients
  • of the learning process 207
  • Seizing learning opportunities 209
  • Landmark conclusions 210
  • 13 Creative uncertainties 212
  • Complication, diversification 213
  • Managing uncertainty - reverse planning 216
  • Landmark conclusions 216
  • 14 Research-Action-Learning 218
  • The project as a research process 218
  • Pointers for managing interaction 225
  • 15 Conclusion 232

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