Low-cost sanitation : a survey of practical experience
著者
書誌事項
Low-cost sanitation : a survey of practical experience
Intermediate Technology Pub., c1995
大学図書館所蔵 全3件
内容説明・目次
内容説明
About two billion people in the world have no adequate sanitation provision. This book is a guide to what has been learned about providing sanitation coverage for both rural and urban low-income communities, and outlines what is appropriate, practical and acceptable.
目次
- . SANITATION IN
- PERSPECTIVE
- Why another book? Sources of experience
- What is sanitation? Sanitation coverage
- Some local coverage data
- Unreliability of statistics
- Sanitation in cities
- What is appropriate sanitation? Improving health
- Privacy and convenience
- Availability of resources
- Criteria for satisfactory sanitation
- The environment
- People and communities
- Management of sanitation
- SANITATION AND HEALTH
- Disease and death in developing
- countries
- Transmission of disease
- Waterbome diseases
- Other transmission routes
- Problems with wastewater
- Survival of pathogens
- Use of treated wastewater
- Diarrhoea and worms
- Evidence of health benefits
- Cost of disease
- Reduced mortality and illness
- Reduced incidence of worm diseases
- Reduced diarrhoea
- Mistaken ideas and good understanding
- SANITATION ALTERNATIVES
- Technology and software
- In the open
- Why people like the open air
- Disadvantages of open defecation
- Wrap and carry
- Use of latrines
- Women's use of latrines
- Children's use of latrines
- Men and latrines
- Shelter and location
- Privacy and protection
- Doors for shelters
- Prestige and status
- Separate latrines for men and women
- Comfortable latrines
- Where to put the latrine
- Location for Muslims
- Congested sites
- Sanitation alternatives
- Cultural variations and preferences
- Children's latrines
- Satisfaction with latrines
- Finding out what people want
- Classification of methods
- PARTB
- APPROPRIATE
- SANITATION SYSTEMS
- PIT LATRINES
- The pit and its size
- Types of pit latrine
- The popularity of pit latrines
- Crude pits
- Satisfactory simple pit latrines
- Pit size and 'life'
- Methods of anal cleaning
- Rate of solids accumulation
- Shallow pits
- Large pits
- Size for liquid infiltration
- Control of flies, mosquitoes
- and smell
- Fits with lids
- Ventilated pits
- Permanent VIPs
- Vent pipes
- Watergate bowls
- Water-seal latrines
- The water seal
- Alternative pour-flush latrines
- Full pits and twin pits
- Manual emptying of pits
- Mechanical emptying of pits
- Alternating pits
- Double pits
- Experience of twin and double pits
- Slabs and linings
- Slabs
- Ferrocement slabs
- Domed slabs
- Removable slabs
- Squat holes, footrests and seats
- Pit linings
- Pits without linings
- Other pit latrines
- Borehole latrines
- Raised pits
- Pits over swamps
- EXCRETA AS A RESOURCE
- The value of excreta
- The value of urine
- Compost latrines
- Continuous compost latrines
- Double vault compost latrines
- Aquaculture
- Biogas
- Food for animals
- REMOVAL SYSTEMS, SEPTIC
- TANKS AND AQUA PRIVIES
- Container systems
- Chemical toilets (or chemical closets)
- Vaults
- Vault and tanker system
- Cesspits
- Overhung latrines
- Conventional sewerage
- Advantages of sewerage
- Disadvantages of conventional sewerage
- Some difficulties with sewerage for lowincome
- communities in developing
- countries
- Non-conventional sewerage (NCS)
- or reduced cost sewerage
- Experience of NCS systems
- Vacuum systems
- Conventional septic tanks
- Advantages of septic tanks
- Disadvantages of septic tanks
- Design size of septic tanks
- Desludging
- Small and extended septic tanks
- Aqua privies
- TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
- OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
- Disposal of liquids
- Groundwater pollution
- The two metre rule
- Sand envelopes
- Shallow groundwater
- Chemical pollution
- Rise of groundwater
- Disposal of liquids to surface waters
- Disposal of effluent from septic tanks
- and aqua privies
- Mound soakaways
- Sewage treatment and disposal
- Irrigation with wastewater 93
- Wastewater treatment 94
- Conventional sewage treatment 95
- Waste stabilization ponds 96
- Irrigation with treated wastewater 96
- c. The problem of solids disposal 97
- d. Treatment and disposal of solids 98
- Methods of dealing with septage, nightsoil and the contents of vaults
- and pit latrines 99
- PARTC
- GETTING APPROPRIATE
- SANITATION
- 8 INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS 101
- a. Paying for latrines and willingness to
- pay
- Paying h ighly for san itation 101
- b. Costs (construction, operation and
- maintenance) 103
- Overall costs 103
- Cost of sanitation alternatives 105
- Total annual cost per household 106
- c. Operation and maintenance 107
- Sullage in pits 108
- Hygiene education 109
- Controlling nuisance 109
- Dealing with pits 110
- Water seals and sewer connections 112
- 9 COMMUNITY EFFORTS 113
- a. Community management, motivation
- and mobilization
- Communities and participation 113
- Communities working together 113
- Promotion and motivation 114
- Community committees 116
- Demonstration latrines 116
- Appropriate technology for community
- participation 117
- Affordable participation 118
- Delays with participation 118
- Communities and professionals 118
- b. Help from agencies 119
- Help with software 119
- Paying all the cost 120
- Subsidies 120
- Governments 121
- Donors 122
- NGOs and the private sector 122
- c. Regulations, control, planning 124
- Inappropriate regulations 124
- Responsible authorities 124
- Master plans 125
- d. Public and communal latrines 125
- Unsatisfactory public latrines 127
- Popular public latrines 128
- Operation by contractors 130
- e. School latrines 131
- 10 SELECTION, EVALUATION
- AND UPGRADING 133
- a. Guides for selection
- b. Information for selection
- c. Evaluation
- d. Upgrading
- Upgrading pit latrines
- ANNEXES
- I Statistics for low income countries
- II Glossary
- HI Gazetteer - an index of places
- IV References
- V Index
「Nielsen BookData」 より