Low-cost sanitation : a survey of practical experience

Author(s)

    • Pickford, John

Bibliographic Information

Low-cost sanitation : a survey of practical experience

John Pickford

Intermediate Technology Pub., c1995

Available at  / 3 libraries

Search this Book/Journal

Description and Table of Contents

Description

About two billion people in the world have no adequate sanitation provision. This book is a guide to what has been learned about providing sanitation coverage for both rural and urban low-income communities, and outlines what is appropriate, practical and acceptable.

Table of Contents

  • . SANITATION IN
  • PERSPECTIVE
  • Why another book? Sources of experience
  • What is sanitation? Sanitation coverage
  • Some local coverage data
  • Unreliability of statistics
  • Sanitation in cities
  • What is appropriate sanitation? Improving health
  • Privacy and convenience
  • Availability of resources
  • Criteria for satisfactory sanitation
  • The environment
  • People and communities
  • Management of sanitation
  • SANITATION AND HEALTH
  • Disease and death in developing
  • countries
  • Transmission of disease
  • Waterbome diseases
  • Other transmission routes
  • Problems with wastewater
  • Survival of pathogens
  • Use of treated wastewater
  • Diarrhoea and worms
  • Evidence of health benefits
  • Cost of disease
  • Reduced mortality and illness
  • Reduced incidence of worm diseases
  • Reduced diarrhoea
  • Mistaken ideas and good understanding
  • SANITATION ALTERNATIVES
  • Technology and software
  • In the open
  • Why people like the open air
  • Disadvantages of open defecation
  • Wrap and carry
  • Use of latrines
  • Women's use of latrines
  • Children's use of latrines
  • Men and latrines
  • Shelter and location
  • Privacy and protection
  • Doors for shelters
  • Prestige and status
  • Separate latrines for men and women
  • Comfortable latrines
  • Where to put the latrine
  • Location for Muslims
  • Congested sites
  • Sanitation alternatives
  • Cultural variations and preferences
  • Children's latrines
  • Satisfaction with latrines
  • Finding out what people want
  • Classification of methods
  • PARTB
  • APPROPRIATE
  • SANITATION SYSTEMS
  • PIT LATRINES
  • The pit and its size
  • Types of pit latrine
  • The popularity of pit latrines
  • Crude pits
  • Satisfactory simple pit latrines
  • Pit size and 'life'
  • Methods of anal cleaning
  • Rate of solids accumulation
  • Shallow pits
  • Large pits
  • Size for liquid infiltration
  • Control of flies, mosquitoes
  • and smell
  • Fits with lids
  • Ventilated pits
  • Permanent VIPs
  • Vent pipes
  • Watergate bowls
  • Water-seal latrines
  • The water seal
  • Alternative pour-flush latrines
  • Full pits and twin pits
  • Manual emptying of pits
  • Mechanical emptying of pits
  • Alternating pits
  • Double pits
  • Experience of twin and double pits
  • Slabs and linings
  • Slabs
  • Ferrocement slabs
  • Domed slabs
  • Removable slabs
  • Squat holes, footrests and seats
  • Pit linings
  • Pits without linings
  • Other pit latrines
  • Borehole latrines
  • Raised pits
  • Pits over swamps
  • EXCRETA AS A RESOURCE
  • The value of excreta
  • The value of urine
  • Compost latrines
  • Continuous compost latrines
  • Double vault compost latrines
  • Aquaculture
  • Biogas
  • Food for animals
  • REMOVAL SYSTEMS, SEPTIC
  • TANKS AND AQUA PRIVIES
  • Container systems
  • Chemical toilets (or chemical closets)
  • Vaults
  • Vault and tanker system
  • Cesspits
  • Overhung latrines
  • Conventional sewerage
  • Advantages of sewerage
  • Disadvantages of conventional sewerage
  • Some difficulties with sewerage for lowincome
  • communities in developing
  • countries
  • Non-conventional sewerage (NCS)
  • or reduced cost sewerage
  • Experience of NCS systems
  • Vacuum systems
  • Conventional septic tanks
  • Advantages of septic tanks
  • Disadvantages of septic tanks
  • Design size of septic tanks
  • Desludging
  • Small and extended septic tanks
  • Aqua privies
  • TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
  • OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
  • Disposal of liquids
  • Groundwater pollution
  • The two metre rule
  • Sand envelopes
  • Shallow groundwater
  • Chemical pollution
  • Rise of groundwater
  • Disposal of liquids to surface waters
  • Disposal of effluent from septic tanks
  • and aqua privies
  • Mound soakaways
  • Sewage treatment and disposal
  • Irrigation with wastewater 93
  • Wastewater treatment 94
  • Conventional sewage treatment 95
  • Waste stabilization ponds 96
  • Irrigation with treated wastewater 96
  • c. The problem of solids disposal 97
  • d. Treatment and disposal of solids 98
  • Methods of dealing with septage, nightsoil and the contents of vaults
  • and pit latrines 99
  • PARTC
  • GETTING APPROPRIATE
  • SANITATION
  • 8 INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS 101
  • a. Paying for latrines and willingness to
  • pay
  • Paying h ighly for san itation 101
  • b. Costs (construction, operation and
  • maintenance) 103
  • Overall costs 103
  • Cost of sanitation alternatives 105
  • Total annual cost per household 106
  • c. Operation and maintenance 107
  • Sullage in pits 108
  • Hygiene education 109
  • Controlling nuisance 109
  • Dealing with pits 110
  • Water seals and sewer connections 112
  • 9 COMMUNITY EFFORTS 113
  • a. Community management, motivation
  • and mobilization
  • Communities and participation 113
  • Communities working together 113
  • Promotion and motivation 114
  • Community committees 116
  • Demonstration latrines 116
  • Appropriate technology for community
  • participation 117
  • Affordable participation 118
  • Delays with participation 118
  • Communities and professionals 118
  • b. Help from agencies 119
  • Help with software 119
  • Paying all the cost 120
  • Subsidies 120
  • Governments 121
  • Donors 122
  • NGOs and the private sector 122
  • c. Regulations, control, planning 124
  • Inappropriate regulations 124
  • Responsible authorities 124
  • Master plans 125
  • d. Public and communal latrines 125
  • Unsatisfactory public latrines 127
  • Popular public latrines 128
  • Operation by contractors 130
  • e. School latrines 131
  • 10 SELECTION, EVALUATION
  • AND UPGRADING 133
  • a. Guides for selection
  • b. Information for selection
  • c. Evaluation
  • d. Upgrading
  • Upgrading pit latrines
  • ANNEXES
  • I Statistics for low income countries
  • II Glossary
  • HI Gazetteer - an index of places
  • IV References
  • V Index

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

Page Top