Chess and machine intuition
著者
書誌事項
Chess and machine intuition
（Intellect books）
Intellect, 1998
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注記
First published in paperback in 1998
Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-168) and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Through an overview of machine chess, a history of the game and a discussion on human intuition, machine intuition, and current concepts and their creators, this text aims to increase the readers' appreciation of their own minds, as well as computers.
目次
- Preface vii 1 Did Someone Say Ten Years? 1 An overview of the most conspicuous branch of artificial intelligence, machine chess, in which a breakthrough is always expected within a decade
- a synopsis of the book. 2 The Rise of Mechanical Automata 15 Von Kempelen's 1769 "Turk" takes on all comers at chess
- Charles Babbage designs an Analytic Engine
- Torres y Quevedo builds an electro-mechanical endgame machine. 3 B.P. 23 A group of chess players and mathematicians at a secret British wartime facility build machines to crack ciphers and, for recreation, design chess machines. 4 Minimax 37 Assigning values to chess positions allows comparison of alternative branches of a move tree
- Claude Shannon describes Alan Turing tests, and first programs run. 5 Brute Force 53 Amateur's chess knowledge proves codifiable, the chess master's does not
- knowledge-based machines yield to brute-force computation
- computer tournaments become a spectator sport. 6 Human Intuition 73 Humans are poor calculators, but exploit brain's pattern recognition to play terrific chess
- psychologists show expertise is result of trained intuition. 7 Human Versus Machine 85 John Henry beats the steam drill, David Levy conquers CHESS 4.7, and Garry Kasparov outplays Deep Thought
- calculating amateurs lose while intuitive masters win. 8 Custom-Built Hardware 103 Chess machines on a chip and custom-built circuitry amplify brute-force capability. 9 Computable Subgame 119 Human theoretical knowledge of chess increases through machine-assisted computation
- exact endgame computations provide unexpected results. 10 Machine Learning 131 It ain't smart if it always makes the same mistakes
- some machines learn from esxperience
- others induce rules from examples, and can acquire intuitive knowledge. 11 Machine Intuition 149 Computing devices coupled to an environment mimic neural systems for intuitive information processing and offer hope for knowledge-based chess machinery. Appendix A: Chess Notation 157 Appendix B: Torres y Quevedo's Mating Algorithm 159 Appendix C: Recursive Programming and the Minimax Algorithm 161 References 163 Author Index 169 Subject Index 171
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