Biologists and the promise of American life : from Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey

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Biologists and the promise of American life : from Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey

Philip J. Pauly

Princeton University Press, c2000

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注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-301) and Index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Explorers, evolutionists, eugenicists, sexologists and high school biology teachers - all have contributed to the prominence of the biological sciences in American life. In this book, Philip Pauly weaves their stories together into a history of biology in America since the 19th century. Beginning with the return of the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806, botanists and zoologists identified science with national culture, linking their work to continental imperialism and the creation of an industrial republic. Pauly examines this 19th-century movement in local scientific communities with national reach: the partnership of Asa Gray and Louis Agassiz at Harvard University, the excitement of work at the Smithsonian Institution and the Geological Survey and disputes at the Agriculture Department over the continent's future. He then describes the establishment of biology as an academic discipline in the late 19th century, and the retreat of life scientists from the problems of American nature. The early 20th century, however, witnessed a new burst of public-oriented activity among biologists. Here Pauly chronicles such topics as the introduction of biology into high school curricula, the

目次

List of Illustrations xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION Toward a Cultural History of American Biology 3 PART I Naturalist and National Development in the Nineteenth Century CHAPTER ONE Natural History and Manifest Destiny, 1800-1865 15 Lewis to Barton to Pursh: The Lack of Teamwork among American Naturalists 15 Nature in the Early Republic 17 The Education of John Torrey 22 Asa Gray, American Botanical Entrepreneur 25 Gray, Agassiz, and the Impending Crisis 33 Darwin and the Union's Struggle for Existence 39 CHAPTER TWO Culturing Fish, Culturing People: Federal Naturalists in the Gilded Age, 1865-1893 44 The Struggles of Spencer Baird 45 A Golden Age in the Gilded Age 47 A Scientific Community 51 Guiding National Development 56 Evolutionary Culture 60 CHAPTER THREE Conflicting Visions of American Ecological Independence 71 The Beauty and Menace of the Japanese Cherry Trees 71 America's Ecological Open Door 74 The Beginnings of a Federal Response to Pests 76 Ecological Cosmopolitanism in the Bureau of Plant Industry 80 The Return of the Nativists 84 Ecological Independence and Immigration Restriction 89 PART II SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION PROLOGUE Whitman's American Biology 94 CHAPTER FOUR Life Science Initiatives in the Late Nineteenth Century 99 The Eclipse of the Federal Naturalists 99 From Agassiz to Burbank: A Cross-Country Tour 103 CHAPTER FIVE Academic Biology: Searching for Order in Life 126 American Naturalists 127 A Scientific Confederacy 131 Medical Reform, Universities, and Urban Life 133 Whitman and Chicago 139 Challenges to University Biology 141 CHAPTER SIX A Place of Their Own: The Significance of Woods Hole 145 Summer Colonies 146 Summering Scientists 148 The Development of Woods Hole 150 Whitman's Desires 152 The Biological Community 153 Woods Hole and American Biology 158 Neglecting American Life 160 PART III THE AGE OF BIOLOGY PROLOGUE A View from the Heights 166 CHAPTER SEVEN The Development of High School Biology 171 Life in Hell's Kitchen 173 Biology Education and Mental Development 179 Pedagogical Problems 185 Producing Modern Americans 191 CHAPTER EIGHT Big Questions 194 Why the Scopes Trial Mattered 194 The Rough Rider, and Other Spokesmen for Science 196 Academic Biologists Address the Public 198 William Emerson Ritter and the Glory of life 201 CHAPTER NINE Good Breeding in Modern America 214 The Imperfect Amalgamation of Eugenics and Biology 215 Charles B. Davenport and the Difficullty of Eugenic Research 221 Solving the Problems of Sex 227 Alfred Kinsey's America 233 Epilogue 239 Notes 245 Index 303

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