Advocacy and opposition : an introduction to argumentation
著者
書誌事項
Advocacy and opposition : an introduction to argumentation
Allyn & Bacon, c2000
4th ed
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Advocacy and Opposition is a comprehensive and practical approach to argumentation and critical thinking for the beginning student who needs to construct and present arguments on questions of fact, value, and policy both orally and in writing. This text offers a theoretical view of the nature of argument in our society, a discussion of arguing as a form of communication, and a focus on how arguments are created using the Toulmin model of argument.
目次
Each chapter includes "Suggested Supplementary Readings" and "References."
1.What Is Argumentation?
The Nature of Argumentation.
The Historical Development of Argumentation.
The Usefulness of Argumentation.
Limitations in the Use of Argumentation.
Ethical Standards for Argumentation.
2.Where Do I Begin in Argumentation?
Fields of Argumentation.
Presumption.
Burden of Proof.
The Prima Facie Case.
3.What Am I Going to Argue About?
The Nature of Propositions.
The Classification of Propositions.
Phrasing the Proposition.
Defining the Key Terms.
4.How Do I Analyze Propositions?
Locating the Immediate Cause.
Investigating the History.
Defining Key Terms and Creating the Primary Inference.
Determining the Issues.
5.How Is a Unit of Argument Created?
The Toulmin Model of Arguments.
Simple, Chain, and Cluster Arguments.
6.How Do I Prove My Argument?
The Discovery of Evidence.
Types and Tests of Evidence.
Recording Evidence.
7.How Do I Reason with My Audience?
Argument from Cause.
Argument from Sign.
Argument from Generalization.
Argument from Parallel Case.
Argument from Analogy.
Argument from Authority.
Argument from Dilemma.
8.What Should I Avoid?
Fallacies in Reasoning.
Fallacies of Appeal.
Fallacies in Language.
9.How Are Factual Propositions Argued?
Advocating Propositions of Fact.
Opposing Propositions of Fact.
10.How Are Propositions of Value Argued?
Advocating Propositions of Value.
Opposing Propositions of Value.
11.How Are Propositions of Policy Argued?
Advocating Policy Propositions.
Opposing Policy Propositions.
12.How Do I Present My Arguments to an Audience?
Audience Analysis.
Language Choice and Style.
Delivery Techniques.
Building Credibility with an Audience.
Appendix A: What Are the Rules of the Game?
Debate Formats.
Speaker Responsibilities.
Flow Sheeting.
Debate Judges.
Appendix B: How Do I Write an Argumentative Brief?
Formats for Brief Writing.
A Brief Example.
Glossary.
Index.
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