Structure and function of the bladder neck
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Bibliographic Information
Structure and function of the bladder neck
（Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, v. 159）
Springer, 2001
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Includes bibliographical references and index
Description and Table of Contents
Description
The alternation between urine retention and discharge several times daily from a nappy to the cessation ofall vital functions only becomes the subject baby's first wet of greater attention if the harmony of the structure and function of the bladder is disturbed. Functional disturbances of the lower urinary tract are not only of great socio-economic importance, but are also a considerable personal burden for the patient. Hence urinary incontinence is rightly classified as a severelydisabling illness (Hauri 1985). Opinions still differ regarding the morphological basis ofurinary continence.The Terminologia Anatomica (1998) defines a musculus sphincter urethrae internus (in- ternal urethral sphincter) and a musculus sphincter urethrae externus (external ure- thral sphincter),which in the older nomenclature were known as musculus sphincter vesicae and musculussphincterurethrae,respectively.The internal urethral sphincter isascribed apurelyinvoluntaryandthe externalurethralsphincterapurelyvoluntary innervation. The significance of the musculature of the pelvic floor for maintaining urinarycontinence has notyetbeen ascertained.
Duringnumerous urologicaloperations (forinstancetransurethralresectionofthe prostate and bladder neck incisions), the only involuntarily innervated sphincter at the collum vesicae,the internalurethralsphincter,is partiallyorcompletelydestroyed (Fig. 27C,D).All the patients remain continent as long as the externalurethral sphinc- ter remains intact.Howcan apurelyvoluntarilyinnervated sphincterlikethe external urethral sphincter ensureconstant continence in such cases? Improving the continence rate after radical surgery is a key topic of urological research. The incontinence rate after radical prostatectomy is still between 8.1% (third-degree incontinence) and41.4% (first- to second-degree incontinence; Rudyet al. 1984; Igel et a1.1987; Schroderand Ouden 1992).
Table of Contents
Introduction.-Materials and Methods.-Musculus Detrusor Vesicae.-The Musculature of the Trigonum Vesicae.-Diaphragma Urogenitale.-Musculus Sphincter Urethrae.-Musculus Dilatator Urethrae.-Musculus Ejaculatorius.-Changes of the Muscles of the Lower Uninary Tract with Age.-Three Dimensional Model of the Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract.-Fundamentals of the Neuroanatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract.-Discussion (Functional Interpretation of the Anatomical Findings).-Further Studies and New Approaches.-Terminologia Anatomica of the Lower Urinary Tract.-Summary.-References.-Subject Index
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