Dietary reference intakes. Applications in dietary assessment : a report
著者
書誌事項
Dietary reference intakes. Applications in dietary assessment : a report
National Academy Press, c2000
- : hard
- : pbk
- タイトル別名
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Applications in dietary assessment
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
-
: hard ISBN 9780309073110
内容説明
Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published.
This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Contents
Summary
I. Historical Perspective and Background
1 Introduction and Background
2 Current Uses of Dietary Reference Standards
II. Application of DRIs for Individual Diet Assessment
3 Using Dietary Reference Intakes for Nutrient Assessment of Individuals
III. Application of DRIs for Group Diet Assessment
4 Using the Estimated Average Requirement for Nutrient Assessment of Groups
5 Using the Adequate Intake for Nutrient Assessment of Groups
6 Using the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Nutrient Assessment of Groups
7 Specific Applications: Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Groups Using the Dietary Reference Intakes
IV. Fine-Tuning Dietary Assessment Using the DRIs
8 Minimizing Potential Errors in Assessing Group and Individual Intakes
9 Research Recommended to Improve the Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes
10 References
Appendix A: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes
Appendix B: Nutrient Assessment of Individuals: Statistical Foundations
Appendix C: Assessing Prevalence of Inadequate Intakes for Groups: Statistical Foundations
Appendix D: Assessing the Performance of the EAR Cut-Point Method for Estimating Prevalence
Appendix E: Units of Observation: Assessing Nutrient Adequacy Using Household and Population Data
Appendix F: Rationale for Setting Adequate Intakes
Appendix G: Glossary and Abbreviations
Appendix H: Biographical Sketches of Subcommittee Members
Index
Summary Table: Estimated Average Requirements
Summary Table: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Summary Table: Recommended Intakes for Individuals
- 巻冊次
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: pbk ISBN 9780309073332
内容説明
Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false.
Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Executive Summary
1 Introduction
2 Design of Small Clinical Trials
3 Statistical Approaches to Analysis of Small Clinical Trials
4 General Guidelines
References
Appendix A Study Methods
Appendix B Glossary of Statistical and Clinical Trials Terms
Appendix C Selected Bibliography on Small Clinical Trials
Appendix D Committee and Staff Biographies
目次
- 1 Front Matter
- 2 Executive Summary
- 3 1 Introduction
- 4 2 Design of Small Clinical Trials
- 5 3 Statistical Approaches to Analysis of Small Clinical Trials
- 6 4 General Guidelines
- 7 References
- 8 Appendix A Study Methods
- 9 Appendix B Glossary of Statistical and Clinical Trials Terms
- 10 Appendix C Selected Bibliography on Small Clinical Trials
- 11 Appendix D Committee and Staff Biographies
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