The Language encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800 : a collection of essays

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The Language encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800 : a collection of essays

edited by Edward G. Gray and Norman Fiering

（European expansion and global interaction, v. 1）

Berghahn Books, 2000

  • : alk. paper
  • : pbk. : alk. paper

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注記

Papers presented at a conference entitled "Communicating with the Indians: aspects of the language encounter with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, 1492-1800," held Oct. 18-20, 1996, John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I

Includes bibliographical references (p. [327]-331) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

When Columbus arrived in the Americas there were, it is believed, as many as 2,000 distinct, mutually unintelligible tongues spoken in the western hemisphere, encompassing the entire area from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego. This astonishing fact has generally escaped the attention of historians, in part because many of these indigenous languages have since become extinct. And yet the burden of overcoming America's language barriers was perhaps the one problem faced by all peoples of the New World in the early modern era: African slaves and Native Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley; Jesuit missionaries and Huron-speaking peoples in New France; Spanish conquistadors and the Aztec rulers. All of these groups confronted America's complex linguistic environment, and all of them had to devise ways of transcending that environment - a problem that arose often with life or death implications. For the first time, historians, anthropologists, literature specialists, and linguists have come together to reflect, in the fifteen original essays presented in this volume, on the various modes of contact and communication that took place between the Europeans and the "Natives." A particularly important aspect of this fascinating collection is the way it demonstrates the interactive nature of the encounter and how Native peoples found ways to shape and adapt imported systems of spoken and written communication to their own spiritual and material needs.

目次

Preface Norman Fiering Introduction Edward G. Gray PART I: TERMS OF CONTRACT Chapter 1. Babel of Tongues: Communicating with the Indians in Eastern North America James Axtell Chapter 2. The Use of Pidgins and Jargons on the East Coast of North America Ives Goddard PART II: SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Chapter 3. Pictures, Gestures, Hieroglyphs: "Mute Eloquence" in Sixteenth-Century Mexico Pauline Moffitt Watts Chapter 4. Iconic Discourse: The Language of Images in Seventeenth-Century New France Margaret J. Leahey Chapter 5. Mapping after the Letter: Graphology and Indigenous Cartography in New Spain Dana Leibsohn PART III: THE LITERATE AND THE NONLITERATE Chapter 6. Continuity vs. Acculturation: Aztec and Inca Cases of Alphabetic Literacy Jose Antonio Mazzotti Chapter 7. Native Languages as Spoken and Written: Views from Southern New England Kathleen J. Bragdon Chapter 8. The Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayer Book: Writing and Christianity in Maritime Canada, 1675-1921 Bruce Greenfield PART IV: INTERMEDIARIES Chapter 9. Interpreters Snatched from the Shore: The Successful and the Others Frances Karttunen Chapter 10. Mohawk Schoolmasters and Catechists in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Iroquoia: An Experiment in Fostering Literacy and Religious Change William B. Hart Chapter 11. The Making of Logan, the Mingo Orator Edward G. Gray PART V: THEORY Chapter 12. Spanish Colonization and the Indigenous Languages of America Isaias Lerner Chapter 13. Descriptions of American Indian Word Forms in Colonial Missionary Grammars Lieve Jooken Chapter 14. "Savage" Languages in Eighteenth-Century Theoretical History of Language Ru diger Schreyer Select Bibliography List of Contributors Index

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