Decades of crisis : Central and Eastern Europe before World War II

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Decades of crisis : Central and Eastern Europe before World War II

Ivan T. Berend

University of California Press, 2001, c1998

  • : pbk

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注記

Originally published: 1998

Includes bibliographical references (p. 407-422) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Only by understanding Central and Eastern Europe's turbulent history during the first half of the twentieth century can we hope to make sense of the conflicts and crises that have followed World War II and, after that, the collapse of Soviet-controlled state socialism. Ivan Berend looks closely at the fateful decades preceding World War II and at twelve countries whose absence from the roster of major players was enough in itself, he says, to precipitate much of the turmoil. As waves of modernization swept over Europe, the less developed countries on the periphery tried with little or no success to imitate Western capitalism and liberalism. Instead they remained, as Berend shows, rural, agrarian societies notable for the tenacious survival of feudal and aristocratic institutions. In that context of frustration and disappointment, rebellion was inevitable. Berend leads the reader skillfully through the maze of social, cultural, economic, and political changes in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and the Soviet Union, showing how every path ended in dictatorship and despotism by the start of World War II.

目次

  • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD MAPS I. The Crisis of Modernization: The Ideologies of Revolts and Their Expression in Art, 1900-1918 1. Catching Up or Lagging Behind? The Dual Revolution and the Flourishing of Capitalism in Western Europe The Challenge for the Underdeveloped: Temptation and Threat Political Responses: Reforms and Revolutions Latecomers in an Internationalized World Economy The Role of Railroads and Their Spin-Off Effects Agriculture and the Export Sectors International Division of Labor and Its Impact on the Balkans The Awakening Giant The Polish and Baltic "Miracles" Hungary's Semisuccessful Modernization Industrial Breakthrough in Austria and the Czech Lands The Semifailure of Central and Eastern European Modernization 2. The Peculiar Pattern of Central and Eastern European Societies: The Remnants of Noble and Incomplete Societies The Deficiency of the Dual Revolution and Its Social Impact The Large Estate and the Remnants of Noble Society The Weakness of the Middle Class:Lucken-Positionen and the Emergence of the "Jewish Question" The Incomplete Societies and the Bureaucratic Military Parvenu in the Balkans Minorities and National Conflicts 3. The Ideologies of Revolts and Revolutions: The Birth of Nationalist, Communist, and Fascist Ideas Nationalism The Eastern European Approach to Nation Building The Peculiarities of National Ideology: Nation-State versus Kulturnation From Cultural Movement to Mass Organizations Communism The Rise of Western Socialist Reformism The Emergence of Eastern Revolutionary Leninism Fascism Populism and Rising Right-Wing Radicalism in Central and Eastern Europe 4. Revolution in Art and the Art in Revolution Art Nouveau,]ugendstil, Sezession "Ornamentation Is Sin" The Expression of "Irrational Reality" in Literature The Revolution in Music: Schonberg, Stravinsky, and Bartok Revolt against Traditional Beauty and Harmony in Visual Art: Kandinsky, Kupka, Bra11Cui, and Archipenko "Destruction, Too, Is Creation" "Wipe Out the Past Once and for All": Constructivism and Suprematism II. Class Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: National Revolutions and Their Right-Wing Deformation, 1918-1929 Introduction 5. Class Revolutions-Counterrevolutions Russia's Two Revolutions in 1917 Hungary's Two Revolutions Bulgaria's One and a Half Revolutions Revolutionary Attempts in the Baltic Countries and Austria The Wave of Counterrevolutions 6. Belated National Revolutions Plans to Create Democratic Confederations Versailles and the Great Powers' Policy of Balkanization The Polish Case The Independent Baltic States The Making of Czechoslovakia The Making of Yugoslavia Making a Great Romania The Unstoppable New Waves: National Revolutions without Nations 7. From National Revolution to Nationalist Authoritarianism Extreme Ethnic-Religious Diversity Nationalism Multiplies by Bipartition Nationalism Breaks Loose: The Link to Right-Wing Authoritarianism 8. From Bolshevik Revolution to a National-Imperial Modernization Dictatorship The Hope of a World Revolution The Road of Transition: The Introduction of War Communism A New Approach toward Transition: The New Economic Policy Debates on the Destiny of the Revolution: "Socialism in One Country" The Concept of Forced Industrialization and Central Planning Merging "Socialism in One Country" and the Program of Forced Industrialization 9. Economic Nationalism and Its Consequences Inflation and Despair Economic Slowdown and Structural Crisis in the World Economy Stabilization Efforts The Principle and Practice of Nationalist Economic Policy Agricultural Protectionism in Central Europe The Decline of International Trade Success Stories of the Twenties The Lack of Technological- Structural Adjustment III. The Great Depression and Its Impact: Social Changes
  • The Triumph of the Right
  • The Art of the Crisis and the Crisis in Art, 1929-1939 Introduction 1O. A Distinctive Great Depression in Central and Eastern Europe Moderate Industrial Decline The Agricultural Crisis and Declining Terms of Trade The Debt Crisis and the Golgotha of the Debtors Lack of Adjustment to the Structural Crisis 11. From the Great Depression to Nazi and Stalinist Isolationist Autarchy Emergency Measures to Aniid Financial Collapse Government Interventions and Self Sufficiency The Creation of a German-Led, Isolationist, Regional Agreement System Isolationism and Self-Sufficiency in the Stalinist Soviet Union 12. Social Changes: New Forces and Factors The Peasantry The Emergence of a Confused Lower Middle Class The New Strata of Workers and Humiliating Unemployment 13. Political Impact: The Dirty Torrent of Dictatorships Engelbert Dollfoss: A Compromise between Political Catholicism and Heimwehr Fascism Gyula Gombos and His Planned" Radical Operations": Hungarv Shifts Further to the Right Josef Pilsudski and the Dictatorless Dictatorship in Poland Presidential Dictatorships in the Baltic Countries Royal Dictatorships in the Balkans The Characteristics of Fascism and the Authoritarian Regimes in Central and Eastern Europe From Bolshevik Revolution to a Deformed Party-State Dictatorship 14. The Art of Crisis and the Crisis in Art Back to Reality: Protest against a Dadaist World The Straitjacket of Arts: Nazi-Fascist "Retro-Garde'' The Stalinist Cultural Dictate: Mandatory Socialist Realism Conservative Academism and the Impact of Fascist Art CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

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