CiNii 図書 - Matter in equilibrium : statistical mechanics and thermodynamics

Originally Part II of "Physical Chemistry, Second Edition", and now published as its own volume, "Matter in Equilibrium: Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics" simultaneously develops the statistical molecular theory and the classical thermodynamic theory of the bulk properties of matter in a mutually reinforcing fashion. Despite presenting both a microscopic and macroscopic approach, this sophisticated text offers a rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics and allows professors to separate the two theories if desired. Packed with tables, graphs, and figures, it describes the equilibrium properties of bulk matter and develops the tools needed to study gases, solids, liquids, phase transformations, solutions of non electrolytes, and solutions of electrolytes. The book makes extensive use of computer simulations of molecular behavior and, where appropriate, uses experimental data to illustrate concepts and principles. Ideal for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate level courses, "Matter in Equilibrium" broadens and challenges student perspectives while offering valuable information to researchers.

PREFACE
PART II: MATTER IN EQUILIBRIUM: STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
12. THE PERFECT GAS AT EQUILIBRIUM AND THE CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE
12.1 The Perfect Gas: Definition and Elementary Model
12.2 The Perfect Gas: A General Relation between Pressure and Energy
12.3 Some Comments about Thermodynamics
12.4 Temperature and the Zero-th Law of Thermodynamics
12.5 Empirical Temperature: The Perfect Gas Temperature Scale
12.6 Comparison of the Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches
13. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
13.1 Microscopic and Macroscopic Energy in a Perfect Gas
13.2 Description of Thermodynamic States
13.3 The Concept of Work in Thermodynamics
13.4 Intensive and Extensive Variables
13.5 Quasi-static and Reversible Processes
13.6 The First Law: Internal Energy and Heat
13.7 Some Historical Notes
13.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Internal Energy and Heat
13.9 Constraints, Work, and Equilibrium
14. THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
14.1 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
14.2 Energy and Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
14.3 Thermochemistry of Physical Processes
14.4 Introduction to Phase Changes
14.5 Standard States
14.6 Thermochemistry of Solutions
14.7 Molecular Interpretation of Physical Processes
14.8 Bond Energies
14.9 Some Energy Effects in Molecular Structures
14.10 Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals
15. THE CONCEPT OF ENTROPY: RELATIONSHIP TO THE ENERGY-LEVEL SPECTRUM OF A SYSTEM
15.1 The Relationship between Average Properties and Molecular Motion in an N-Molecule System: Time Averages and Ensemble Averages
15.2 Ensembles and Probability Distributions
15.3 Some Properties of a System with Many Degrees of Freedom: Elements of the Statistical Theory of Matter at Equilibrium
15.4 The Influence of Constraints on the Density of States
15.5 The Entropy: A Potential Function for the Equilibrium State
Appendix 15A: Comments on Ensemble Theory
Appendix 15B: *W(E) as a System Descriptor
Appendix 15C: The Master Equation
16. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE MACROSCOPIC CONCEPT OF ENTROPY
16.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
16.2 The Existence of an Entropy Function for Reversible Processes
16.3 Irreversible Processes: The Second-Law Interpretation
16.4 The Clausius and Kelvin Statements Revisited
16.5 The Second Law as an Inequality
16.6 Some Relationships between the Microscopic and Macroscopic Theories
Appendix 16A: Poincare Recurrence Times and Irreversibility
17. SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
17.1 Choice of Independent Variables
17.2 The Available Work Concept
17.3 Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes
17.4 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes
17.5 Entropy Changes in Phase Transitions
18. THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
18.1 The Magnitude of the Entropy at T = 0
18.2 The Unattainability of Absolute Zero
18.3 Experimental Verification of the Third Law
19. THE NATURE OF THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE
19.1 Properties of the Equilibrium State of a Pure Substance
19.2 Alternative Descriptions of the Equilibrium State for Different External Constraints
19.3 The Stability of the Equilibrium State of a One-Component System
19.4 The Equilibrium State in a Multicomponent System
19.5 Chemical Equilibrium
19.6 Thermodynamic Weight: Further Connections between Thermodynamics and Microscopic Structure
19.7 An Application of the Canonical Ensemble: The Distribution of Molecular Speeds in a Perfect Gas
20. AN EXTENSION OF THERMODYNAMICS TO THE DESCRIPTION OF NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES
20.1 General Form of the Equation of Continuity
20.2 Conservation of Mass and the Diffusion Equation
20.3 Conservation of Momentum and the Navier-Stokes Equation
20.4 Conservation of Energy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
20.5 Linear Transport Processes
20.6 Negative Temperature
20.7 Thermodynamics of Systems at Negative Absolute Temperature
Appendix 20A: Symmetry of the Momentum Flux Tensor
21. THE PROPERTIES OF PURE GASES AND GAS MIXTURES
21.1 Thermodynamic Description of a Pure Gas
21.2 Thermodynamic Description of a Gas Mixture
21.3 Thermodynamic Description of Gaseous Reactions
21.4 An Example: The Haber Synthesis of NH[3
21.5 Statistical Molecular Theory of Gases and Gas Reactions
21.6 The Statistical Molecular Theory of the Equilibrium Constant
21.7 The Statistical Molecular Theory of the Real Gas
Appendix 21A: Influence of Symmetry of the Wave Function on the Distribution over States: Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics
Appendix 21B: Symmetry Properties of the Molecular Wave Function: Influence of Nuclear Spin on the Rotational Partition Function
Appendix 21C: The Semiclassical Partition Function
The Equation of State of an Imperfect Gas
22. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
22.1 Differences between Gases and Condensed Phases
22.2 The Influence of Crystal Symmetry on Macroscopic Properties
22.3 Microscopic Theory of the Thermal Properties of Crystalline Solids
22.4 The Contribution of Anharmonicity to the Properties of a Crystal
22.5 Some Properties of Complex Solids and of Imperfect Solids
22.6 Electronic Heat Capacity of Metals
Appendix 22A: Evaluation of Fermi-Dirac Integrals
23. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
23.1 Bulk Properties of Liquids
23.2 The Structure of Liquids
23.3 Relationships between the Structure and the Thermodynamic Properties of a Simple Liquid
23.4 The Molecular Theory of Monoatomic Liquids: General Remarks
23.5 The Molecular Theory of Monoatomic Liquids: Approximate Analyses
23.6 The Molecular Theory of Polyatomic Liquids
Appendix 23A: X-ray Scattering from Liquids: Determination of the Structure of a Liquid
Appendix 23B: Functional Differentiation
24. PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN ONE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS
24.1 General Survey of Phase Equilibria
24.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems
24.3 Phase Transitions Viewed as Responses to Thermodynamic Instabilities
24.4 The Statistical Molecular Description of Phase Transitions
Appendix 24A: The Scaling Hypothesis for Thermodynamic Functions
Appendix 24B: Aspects of Density Functional Theory
25. SOLUTIONS OF NONELECTROLYTES
25.1 The Chemical Potential of a Component in an Ideal Solution
25.2 The Chemical Potential of a Component in a Real Solution
25.3 Partial Molar Quantities
25.4 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium
25.5 Liquid-Solid Equilibrium
25.6 The Colligative Properties of Solutions: Boiling-Point Elevation, Freezing-Point Depression, and Osmotic Pressure
25.7 Chemical Reactions in Nonelectrolyte Solutions
25.8 More about Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures
25.9 Critical Phenomena in Mixtures
25.10 The Molecular Theory of Solutions of Nonelectrolytes
26. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES
26.1 The Chemical Potential
26.2 Cells, Chemical Reactions, and Activity Coefficients
26.3 Comments on the Structure of Water
26 .4 The Influence of Solutes on the Structure of Water
26.5 The Statistical Mechanics of Electrolyte Solutions
26.6 Molten Salts and Molten Salt Mixtures
26.7 The Structure of an Electrolyte Solution Near an Electrode
APPENDICES
I. Systems of Units
II. Partial Derivatives
III. Glossary of Symbols
IV. Searching the Scientific Literature
INDEX

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