America and the intellectual cold wars in Europe : Shepard Stone between philanthropy, academy, and diplomacy
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書誌事項
America and the intellectual cold wars in Europe : Shepard Stone between philanthropy, academy, and diplomacy
（Princeton paperbacks）
Princeton University Press, 2002, c2001
- : pbk
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注記
Second printing, and first paperback printing, 2002
Bibliography: p. 355-361
Includes index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
In 1958, Shepard Stone, then directing the Ford Foundation's International Affairs program, suggested that his staff "measure" America's cultural impact in Europe. He wanted to determine whether efforts to improve opinions of American culture were yielding good returns. Taking Stone's career as a point of departure and frequent return, Volker Berghahn examines the triangular relationship between the producers of ideas and ideologies, corporate America, and Washington policymakers at a peculiar juncture of U.S. history. He also looks across the Atlantic, at the Western European intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen with whom these Americans were in frequent contact. While shattered materially and psychologically by World War II, educated Europeans did not shed their opinions about the inferiority, vulgarity, and commercialism of American culture. American elites--particularly the East Coast establishment--deeply resented this condescension. They believed that the United States had two culture wars to win: one against the Soviet Bloc as part of the larger struggle against communism and the other against deeply rooted negative views of America as a civilization.
To triumph, they spent large sums of money on overt and covert activities, from tours of American orchestras to the often secret funding of European publications and intellectual congresses by the CIA. At the center of these activities were the Ford Foundation, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and Washington's agents of cultural diplomacy. This was a world of Ivy League academics and East Coast intellectuals, of American philanthropic organizations and their backers in big business, of U.S. government agencies and their counterparts across the Atlantic. This book uses Shepard Stone as a window to this world in which the European-American relationship was hammered out in cultural terms--an arena where many of the twentieth century's major intellectual trends and conflicts unfolded.
目次
Abbreviations ix Introduction xi CHAPTER 1: From Nashua and Berlin to Pearl Harbor 3 Nashua (New Hampshire) and Dartmouth College 3 Student in Weimar Germany 6 Reporting on Europe and Hitler 12 Rescue from the Holocaust 23 CHAPTER 2: Defeating and Rebuilding Germany 26 War Service in Europe 26 Occupied Germany 29 Working for U.S. Military Government 33 Back with the New York Times 44 CHAPTER 3: Public Opinion and High Politics in Semisovereign West Germany 52 Joining U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy 52 Stone's German-American Network 55 McCloy's "Harry Hopkins" 59 Supporting a Democratic Press 68 CHAPTER 4: Mass Society and the Threat of Totalitarianism 77 Elites and Masses 78 Visions of America 85 Totalitarian Dictatorships 92 The Debate on Culture in America 96 CHAPTER 5: Western Intellectuals and the Cold Culture Wars of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) 108 Mass Culture and the Congress for Cultural Freedom 108 Communists and Ex-Communists 113 Rallying the Anti-Soviet Left 126 The Growth of the CCF Empire 132 CHAPTER 6: Internationalizing the Ford Foundation 143 The Biggest Philanthropic Organization in the World 143 The Conditions of Peace Project 145 The Struggle for a European Program 153 Exporting American Culture 168 CHAPTER 7: Philanthropy and Diplomacy 178 Ford's International Program 178 Looking East 187 Midwife to European Philanthropy 194 Cultural and Political Investments 201 CHAPTER 8: The CIA, the Ford Foundation, and the Demise of the CCF Empire 214 The U.S. Government and the Funding of Culture 215 The Ford Foundation's Washington Connections 220 Rescuing the CCF 230 Scandal and Collapse 241 CHAPTER 9: Coping with the New Culture Wars of the 1960s and Beyond 250 The Establishment of the IACF 250 Financial Straits 255 The Cultural Roots of Failure 265 The Berlin Aspen Institute 276 CHAPTER 10: Transatlantic Cultural Relations in the "American Century" 284 APPENDIX I: List of West German Newspapers Subsidized by HICOG 297 APPENDIX II: American Foundations Ranked by Assets, 1960 299 APPENDIX III: International Association for Cultural Freedom, Table of Organization 300 Notes 301 Bibliography 355 Index 363
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