Introduction to logic
著者
書誌事項
Introduction to logic
Pearson Education, [2004], c2005
12th ed
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This book introduces the fundamental methods and techniques of correct reasoning, in a manner that shows the relevance of the topics to readers? everyday lives. Many new exercises introduced in this edition help supplement and support explanations, aid in review, and make the book visually stimulating. This edition also includes a revised Logic tutorial on CD-Rom--further simplifying the study of logic. Includes many fascinating illustrations taken from the history of science as well as from contemporary research in the physical and biological sciences, plus introduces an abundance of new exercises throughout, complete with solutions for the first exercise in a set. Appropriate for those in business, education, political, or psychology careers.
目次
Foreword.
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
PART I. LOGIC AND LANGUAGE.
SECTION A. REASONING.
Chapter One: Basic Logical Concepts.
What Logic Is. Propositions. Arguments. Deductive and Inductive Arguments. Validity and Truth.
Chapter Two: Analyzing Arguments.
Paraphrasing and Diagramming Arguments. Recognizing Arguments. Arguments and Explanations. Complex Argumentative Passages. Problems in Reasoning.
SECTION B. INFORMAL LOGIC.
Chapter Three: The Uses of Language.
Three Basic Functions of Language. Discourse Serving Multiple Functions. Language Forms and Language Functions. Emotive and Neutral Language. Agreement and Disagreement in Attitude and in Belief.
Chapter Four: Definition.
Disputes and Definitions. Definitions and Their Uses. Extension, Intension, and the Structure of Definitions. Extension and Denotative Definitions. Intension and Intensional Definitions. Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference.
Chapter Five: Fallacies.
What is a Fallacy. The Classification of Fallacies. Fallacies of Relevance. Fallacies of Defective Induction. Fallacies of Presumption. Fallacies of Ambiguity.
PART TWO: DEDUCTION.
SECTION A. CLASSICAL LOGIC.
Chapter Six: Categorical Propositions.
The Theory of Deduction. Classes and Categorical Propositions. The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Further Immediate Inferences. Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions. Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions.
Chapter Seven: Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms.The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument. Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms. Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies. Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism. Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism.
Chapter Eight: Syllogism in Ordinary Language.
Syllogistic Arguments. Reducing the Number of Terms to Three. Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form. Uniform Translation. Enthymemes. Sorites. Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms. The Dilemma.
SECTION B. MODERN LOGIC.
Chapter Nine: Symbolic Logic.
Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language. The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction. Conditional Statements and Material Implication. Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy. The Precise Meaning of "Invalid" and "Valid." Testing Argument Validity on Truth Tables. Some Common Argument Forms. Statement Forms and Material Equivalence. Logical Equivalence. The Three "Laws of Thought."
Chapter Ten: Methods of Deduction.
Formal Proof of Validity. The Rule of Replacement. Proof of Invalidity. Inconsistency. Indirect Proof of Validity. Shorter Truth Table Technique.
Chapter Eleven: Quantification Theory.
The Need for Quantification. Singular Propositions. Universal and Existential Quantifiers. Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions. Proving Validity. Proving Invalidity. Asyllogistic Inference.
PART THREE: INDUCTIVE REASONING.
SECTION A. ANALOGY AND CAUSATION.
Chapter Twelve: Analogical Reasoning.
Induction and Deduction Revisited. Argument by Analogy. Appraising Analogical Arguments. Refutation by Logical Analogy.
Chapter Thirteen: Causal Reasoning.
Cause and Effect. Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature. Induction by Simple Enumeration. Methods of Causal Analysis. Limitations of Inductive Techniques.
SECTION B. SCIENCE AND PROBABILITY.
Chapter Fourteen: Science and Hypothesis.
The Values of Science. Explanations, Scientific and Unscientific. Evaluating Scientific Explanations. Scientists in Action. Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation. The Stages of Scientific Investigation Illustrated. When Hypotheses Compete. Classification as Hypothesis.
Chapter Fifteen: Probability.
Alternative Conceptions of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Probability of Joint Occurrences. Probability of Alternative Occurrences. Expectation Value.
Back Matter.
Solutions to Selected Exercises.
Glossary and Index.
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