The development of the perineum in the human : a comprehensive histological study with a special reference to the role of the stromal components
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The development of the perineum in the human : a comprehensive histological study with a special reference to the role of the stromal components
（Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, 177）
Springer, 2004
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Description and Table of Contents
Description
References...126 Subject Index...133 1 Introduction The developmental steps which lead to the formation of the human perineum seem firmly established (Arey 1965; Hamilton and Mossman1972; Moore and Persaud 1998; Wartenberg 1993; Sadler 1995; Larsen 1997). They form the base for the evaluation of the pathogenesis of a great variety of complicated and often serious malformations which occur in this region. This concept has, however, been challenged by the results of an investigation into the n- mal and abnormal development of the anorectum in pig (van der Putte and Neeteson 1983, 1984; van der Putte 1986). Observations revealed that at least in pig, a major element in current ideas about the early development of the perineum, namely the process by which the original simple cloaca is sub- vided into a urogenital and anal part is incorrect, while additional obser- tions strongly suggested that the same may be true for ideas about female and male sexual transformation. A preliminary investigation in human - bryos gave similar indications (van der Putte 1986).
The data supported e- lier critical findings (Politzer 1931, 1932; Wijnen 1964; Ludwig 1965) which have apparently been ignored, possibly because they seemed to hinder the understanding of the pathogenesis of congenital malformations such as - perforate anus and hypospadias.
Table of Contents
- 1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 3 Development of the Sexually Indifferent Perineum.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Observations.- 3.2.1 Pre-cloacal perineum.- 3.2.2 Cloacal perineum.- 3.2.3 Post-cloacal perineum.- 3.3 Discussion.- 3.3.1 Cloacal eminence.- 3.3.2 Cloaca and allantois
- partition of the mesonephric ducts and ureters.- 3.3.3 Division of the cloaca.- 3.3.4 Urogenital sinus.- 3.3.5 Anal canal.- 3.3.6 Perineal striated musculature.- 3.3.7 Vascular system.- 3.3.8 Labioscrotal swellings.- 4 Development of the Female Perineum.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Observations.- 4.2.1 Vagina.- 4.2.2 Transformation of the urogenital sinus into the urethra and vestibulum.- 4.2.3 Urethra.- 4.2.4 Vestibulum.- 4.2.5 Erectile structures.- 4.2.6 Fascial structures.- 4.2.7 Labia majora.- 4.2.8 Anal canal.- 4.2.11 Perineal striated musculature.- 4.2.12 External perineum.- 4.3 Discussion.- 4.3.1 Vagina.- 4.3.2 Transformation of the urogenital sinus into the urethra and vestibulum.- 4.3.3 Urethra.- 4.3.4 Vestibulum.- 4.3.5 Labia majora.- 4.3.6 Anal canal.- 4.3.7 External perineum.- 5 Development of the Male Perineum.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Observations.- 5.2.1 Urethra.- 5.2.2 Erectile structures.- 5.2.3 Fascial tissues.- 5.2.4 Perineal septum.- 5.2.5 Penis, prepuce, preputial sac and frenulum.- 5.2.6 Scrotum.- 5.2.7 Anal canal.- 5.2.10 Perineal striated musculature.- 5.2.11 External perineum.- 5.3 Discussion.- 5.3.1 Urethra.- 5.3.2 Erectile structures.- 5.3.3 Perineal raphe, septum, body and fasciae.- 5.3.4 Penis, prepuce, preputial sac and frenulum.- 5.3.5 Scrotum.- .- 6 Summary.- References.- Index
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