Logical options : an introduction to classical and alternative logics
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Bibliographic Information
Logical options : an introduction to classical and alternative logics
Broadview Press, c2001
- : [pbk]
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Description and Table of Contents
Description
Logical Options introduces the extensions and alternatives to classical logic which are most discussed in the philosophical literature: many-sorted logic, second-order logic, modal logics, intuitionistic logic, three-valued logic, fuzzy logic, and free logic. Each logic is introduced with a brief description of some aspect of its philosophical significance, and wherever possible semantic and proof methods are employed to facilitate comparison of the various systems. The book is designed to be useful for philosophy students and professional philosophers who have learned some classical first-order logic and would like to learn about other logics important to their philosophical work.
Table of Contents
Preface
1 Classical Propositional Logic
Introductory Remarks
Some Basic Concepts
Formal Logics
Propositional Logic
Preliminaries
Truth Values, Valuations, and validity
Implication, Tautology, and Other Important Concepts
Equivalence and Expressive Completeness
Arithmetical Representation of Statements and Logical Operations
Trees for Classical Propositional Logic
Tree Rules for Classical Propositional Logic
Trees as a Test for Validity
Further Applications of the Tree Method
Metatheorems
Other Proof Methods
Classical Propositional Calculus
Natural Deduction
Sequent Calculus
2 Classical Predicate Logic
Introductory Remarks
Tree Rules for Classical Predicate Logic
Rules for Quantifiers
Identity
Functions
Predicate Languages and Their Interpretations
The Languages
Interpretations: Preliminary Remarks
Set Theory
Sets
Relations
Equivalence Relations
Orderings
Functions
Interpretations of Languages for Predicate Logic
Validity, Satisfiability, and Models
Correctness and Adequacy
Some Difficulties
Dealing with Difficulties
The Proofs
3 Using and Extending
Predicate Logic: Postulates, Sorts and Second-Order Logic
Postulate Systems
Postulate Systems for Arithmetic
Noncategoricity of First-Order Peano Arithmetic
Many Sorted Logic
Introductory Remarks
Many Sorted Languages and Interpretations
Reducing Many Sorted to Unsorted Logic
Second-Order Logic
Languages and Interpretations
Second-Order Trees
The Strength of Second-Order Logic
Metatheory of Second-Order Logic
4 Introducing Contextual Operators: Modal Logics
The Propositional Modal Language and Models
The Language
Interpretations
Classes of Frames and Different Logics
Trees for Contextual Logics
Proving Correctness for
Counterexamples
Proving Adequacy for
Other Systems of Contextual (Modal) Logic
Correctness and Adequacy for Trees
Provability Logic
Arithmetic Provability and Contextual Logic
Frames and Provability Logic
Trees for Provability Logic
Multi-Modal Logic
Quantificational Contextual Logic
The Languages
Introduction
Semantics for Contextual Predicate Logic
Concluding Remarks
5 Getting Away From Bivalence: Three-Valued and Intuitionistic Logic
Three-Valued Logics
Trees for Three-Valued Logic
Intuitionistic Logic
Introduction - Constructivism
A More General Account
Semantics and Countermodels
Metatheorems for Intuitionistic Propositional Logic
Comparing Intutionistic Logic to Other Logics
Intuitionistic Predicate Logic
Interpretations
Trees for Intuitionistic Predicate Logic
Intuitionistic Identity
6 A Sampling of Other Logics
Fuzzy Logic
Algebraic Logic
Term Forming Operators and Free Logics
Term Forming Operators
Free Logics
7 Solutions to *-ed Exercises
Solutions for Chapter 1
Solutions for Chapter 2
Solutions for Chapter 3
Solutions for Chapter 4
Solutions for Chapter 5
Solutions for Chapter 6
Index
by "Nielsen BookData"