Local area high speed networks
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Local area high speed networks
（Macmillan network architecture and development series）
MTP, c2000
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Includes bibliographical references and index
Description and Table of Contents
Description
There is a great deal of change happening in the technology being used for local networks. As Web intranets have driven bandwidth needs through the ceiling, inexpensive Ethernet NICs and switches have come into the market. As a result, many network professionals are interested in evaluating these new technologies for implementation consideration. If you are looking for advice from experts who can help you realistically compare and decide how to use the options before you. Often, books on this subject are too varied in subject matter, attempting to cover to many subjects in the book. This book addresses the topic of Ethernet Networking from a planning perspective to a bit analysis of the Ethernet packets. It explains in detail information in the new network administrator would find it necessary to know.
Table of Contents
Introduction.
Audience. Organization.
Part I: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. Part II: Bridging, Switching, and Routing. Part III: Other Old and New Technologies. Part IV: Appendixes.
I. ETHERNET, FAST ETHERNET, AND GIGABIT ETHERNET.
1. Introduction to LANs.
The Birth of Ethernet.
Ethernet Characteristics.
Token Ring. Fibre Distributed Data Interface. Fibre Channel and ATM. Communications Layering Model.
LAN Layering Model. LAN Frames.
Basic LAN Components.
Stations and DTEs. LAN Media. Network Interface Card. Device Drivers.
SNMP, Monitors, and RMON.
SNMP Architecture. RMON MIBs. SNMP Transports.
Standards Body Overview. Summary Points.
2. LAN MAC Addresses.
Universally Administered MAC Addresses. Locally Administered MAC Addresses. Broadcast and Group Addresses. Individual/Group and Universal/Local Flag Bits. Ethernet Address Conventions.
Ethernet Multicast Addresses. Traces of Ethernet MAC Addresses.
Token Ring Address Conventions.
Addresses Carried in a Token Ring Information Field. A Trace Showing Token Ring MAC Addresses. Token Ring Functional Addresses.
FDDI Address Conventions.
A Trace Showing FDDI MAC Addresses.
Summary Points. References.
3. Ethernet LAN Structure.
Ethernet LAN Architecture.
Single Segment Ethernet LAN and CSMA/CD. Using Repeaters to Build Multisegment LANs. Twisted-Pair Cabling and Hub Repeaters. Improving Performance with Bridges. Collision Domains. Leaping to Higher Performance with Switches. Switches and Full-Duplex Operation. Sharing the LAN. The Role of Routers.
Summary Points. References.
4. The Classical Ethernet CSMA/CD MAC Protocol.
Classic Ethernet Shared Bandwidth LANs.
Preamble and Interframe Gap. The CSMA/CD Protocol. Random Backoff.
Ethernet MAC Frames.
Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Patterns. Ethernet MAC Frame Size. Relationship Between Frame Size and Collision Domain Size. MAC Frame Formats. Size Modification for Gigabit Ethernet. DIX Ethernet Frame Trace. 802.3 LLC/SNAP Frames 802.3 LLC/SNAP Frame Trace. Source of the LLC and SNAP Headers. NetWare over Ethernet.
Tabulation of Important Ethernet Parameters. Summary Points. References.
5. Full-Duplex Ethernet Communication.
Full-Duplex Architecture.
Full-Duplex Parameters. Assuring Backward Compatibility. Handling Congestion. The MAC Control Sublayer. MAC Control Frames and PAUSE Frames. Implementation.
Summary Points. References.
6. The Ethernet 10Mbps Physical Layer.
Baseband Ethernet on Thick Coaxial Cable (10BASE5).
Connecting to 10BASE5 Coax. Transceiver (MAU) Functions. 10BASE5 Collision Domain Parameters. Practical Problems with 10BASE5.
Baseband Ethernet on Thin Coax Cable (10BASE2).
10BASE2 Collision Domain Parameters. Practical Problems with 10BASE2.
10Mbps Twisted-Pair Ethernet (10BASE-T).
10BASE-T Segments. Half-Duplex Operation. Full-Duplex Operation. 10Mbps Twisted-Pair Transmission. Hub and Switch Connections. Twisted-Pair Link Integrity Test.
Building a Mixed Coax/Twisted-Pair Collision Domain. 10Mbps on Fiber Optic Cable.
Features of Fiber Optic Links. Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link. FOIRL Links in a Collision Domain. 10BASE-FL. 10BASE-FB. Summary of Fiber Distance Specifications. The Structure of a Fiber. Multimode Transmission. Optical Fiber Connectors.
Summary Points. References.
7. The Ethernet 100Mbps Physical Layer.
Coexistence and Migration with Auto-Negotiation. 100Mbps Ethernet on Twisted-Pair Cabling.
100BASE-TX. 100BASE-T4. 100BASE-T2.
100BASE-FX and FDDI. Media Independent Interface. 100Mbps Collision Domain Diameter.
Repeater (Hub) Classes. Collision Domain Configurations. Computing a Special Collision Domain Configuration. Curing the Diameter Problem with Switches.
100VG-AnyLAN.
100VG-AnyLAN Topology. Cables and Connectors for 100VG AnyLAN. Initialization and Port Types. The Medium Access Protocol for One Repeater. The Medium Access Protocol for Two Levels of Repeaters.
Summary Points. References.
8. Gigabit Ethernet Architecture.
Gigabit Configurations. Full-Duplex Gigabit Ethernet.
Full-Duplex Repeaters. Jumbo Frames.
Half-Duplex Gigabit Ethernet.
Modification to Frame Format for Half-Duplex Mode. Frame Bursting for Half-Duplex Operation. 1000Mbps Half-Duplex Hubs.
Summary Points. References.
9. Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer.
Features of Gigabit Ethernet.
Auto-Negotiation. Bidirectional Gigabit Transmission.
Physical Characteristics of Gigabit Ethernet. 1000BASE-X Technology.
8B/10B Encoding. 1000BASE-SX and LX Transmission: Lasers and VCSELs. Connectors for 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, and 1000BASE-LH. 1000BASE-CX Copper Cables and Connectors. Gigabit Interface Converters.
1000BASE-T Technology. 1000BASE-T Encoding.
Getting the Cable Ready. Encoders, Decoders, and Hybrids. Master/Slave Timing. Auto-Negotiation and Crossover Cable.
Summary Points. References.
10. Twisted-Pair Cabling Standards and Performance Requirements.
Cabling Standards Bodies. TIA/EIA Categories.
Wire Features. Cabling Layouts.
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cabling Performance Parameters.
Parameters for All Ethernet LANs. Parameters for High-Speed LANs. Parameter Descriptions. Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio. Structural Return Loss and Return Loss. Propagation Delay and Time Domain Reflectometry. Delay Skew.
Managing Twisted-Pair Cabling.
Test Tools. The Scope of a Test.
Testing Fiber Optic Cable. Summary Points. References.
11. Auto-Negotiation.
Auto-Negotiation for Twisted-Pair Interfaces.
Auto-Negotiation and Ethernet Upgrades. Checking and Controlling Interfaces. Auto-Negotiation Functionality for Twisted-Pair Interfaces. Twisted-Pair Technology Capabilities. Negotiating Support for Flow Control. Determining Master/Slave Timer Roles. Parallel Detection for Twisted-Pair Cabling. Exchanging Auto-Negotiation Data across Twisted-Pair Media. Message Pages for 1000BASE-T Capabilities. Message Codes.
Auto-Negotiation for 1000BASE-X Interfaces.
1000BASE-X Auto-Negotiation Implementation.
Summary Points. References.
II. BRIDGING, SWITCHING, AND ROUTING.
12. Ethernet Bridges and Layer 2 Switches.
Main Bridge/Switch Functions. Other Bridge Functions.
Collision Domains. Bridged Collision Domains. Transparent Bridging.
Transparent Bridge Internals.
Learning. Filtering Table Entries. Static Filtering Information.
Layer 2 Switch Architecture.
Store-and-Forward versus Cut-Through. Parallel Processing with ASICs. Basic Bridge Layer Structure.
Building Redundancy into a LAN.
The Spanning Tree Protocol. Link Aggregation.
Handling Multicasts.
IGMP Snooping and GARP. Functional Structure of a Layer 2 Switch.
Summary Points. References.
13. The Spanning Tree Protocol.
LAN Structure and SubLANs. Protocol Overview.
Electing the Root Bridge. Generating the Tree.
Elements of the Protocol.
Port Costs and the Root Path Cost. Root Port, Designated Bridge, and Designated Port. Choosing the Root. Discovering the Root Paths. Topology Changes and Port State Changes. Maintaining the Tree.
Protocol Messages.
The Configuration BPDU. The Topology Change BPDU.
Summary Points. References.
14. Switches and Multicast Traffic.
Multicasting.
The Need to Control Multicasts. IP Multicasts.
IGMP Snooping.
Problems with IGMP Snooping.
The GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP).
GMRP Procedures.
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol.
GMRP/GARP Encapsulation and Format.
Summary Points. References.
15. Link Aggregation.
Using Link Aggregation.
Link Aggregation Features.
Link Aggregation Concepts and Procedures.
Virtual Link MAC Address. Link Aggregation Sublayer Structure. What a System Needs to Know.
Link Aggregation Parameters. The Link Aggregation Control Protocol.
Slow Protocols. Link Aggregation Control Protocol Messages. Frame Distribution and Conversations.
Summary Points. References.
16. VLANs and Frame Priority.
Virtual LAN Concepts.
Types of Virtual LANs. VLAN Awareness and Ports. VLAN Switches. Trunks and Tags. Access Links. Using a Collision Domain as a Trunk. Hybrid Links. Communicating Between VLANs. Independent and Shared Learning. The GARP VLAN Registration Protocol. VLANs and the Spanning Tree Protocol.
Implementing VLANs.
The Default VLAN. Static Port-Based VLANs. Port- and Protocol-Based VLANs. MAC-Address-Based Secure VLANs.
Processing VLAN Frames.
Assigning Frames to VLANs via Ingress Rules. Forwarding VLAN Frames. Configuring VLAN Ports. VLANs and Multicasts.
VLAN Protocol Elements.
VLAN Identifiers Tagged Frame Formats.
Assigning Priorities to Frames.
IEEE 802 Priority. Forwarding Prioritized Frames. Mapping 802.1 Priorities to Priority Classes.
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol Details.
GVRP Protocol Messages.
Summary Points. References.
17. Source-Routing, Translational, and Wide Area Bridges.
Source-Routed Bridged LANs.
Ring Identifiers and Bridge Identifiers. Route Discovery. Source-Routing Bridge Protocol Elements. Source-Routing Transparent Bridges.
Translational Bridges.
MAC Frame Sizes. Translational Bridging Between Token Ring and FDDI. Translational Bridging Between Transparent Token Ring and Ethernet. Translational Bridging Between Source-Routing Token Rings and. Ethernet.
Tunneling Token Ring Across Ethernet. Structuring a LAN Around a High-Speed Ethernet or FDDI Backbone with. Tagging.
Using Tags in a Transparently Bridged LAN. Using Tags to Translate Source-Routed Frames.
Remote Bridges.
Links Between Bridges. To Bridge or Not to Bridge. Frame Formats on Wide Area Links.
Summary Points. References.
18. Routing and Layer 2/3 Switches.
Features of Routing.
Router Benefits. Network Addresses versus MAC Addresses. Exiting a LAN.
Routing Procedures.
Building Routing Tables. Other Router Functions. Legacy Router Architecture. Layer 3 Switch Architecture.
Bridge/Routers.
Layer 2/3 Switches. Route Once, Switch Many.
Layer 4 and Application-Layer Switching.
Filtering for Security. Prioritizing Traffic. Load Balancing.
Summary Points. References.
III. OTHER OLD AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
19. Token Ring and FDDI Overview.
Features of Classic Half-Duplex Token Ring.
Basic Ring Operation. Active Monitor and Standby Monitor Roles. Functions Performed by the Active Monitor. The Claim Token Election Process. The Beacon Process. The Neighbor Notification Process. Special Servers. Hard and Soft Errors. Joining a Ring. Physical Components for Half-Duplex Token Ring.
Classic Token Ring Protocol Elements.
Addresses. Token Format. General Frame Format. Abort Sequence. Token Ring MAC Protocol Frames. Timers. Token Ring Frame Traces.
Dedicated Token Ring.
C-Ports. Full-Duplex Protocol.
High Speed Token Ring.
Fiber Optic HSTR Lobes.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface. FDDI Topology.
Primary and Secondary Rings. Single-Attached Stations and S Ports. Dual-Attached Stations and A and B Port Types. Concentrator M Ports. Wrapping an FDDI Ring. FDDI Media and Encoding.
FDDI Protocol Elements.
Claim Frames and the Target Token Rotation Timeout. Station Management. Beacon Frames. FDDI Frames.
FDDI Formats.
FDDI Token Format. FDDI Frame Format.
Summary Points. References.
20. ATM Overview.
ATM Concepts.
Quality of Service. Concurrent Circuits.
ATM Architecture. The ATM Cell Header.
VPI and VCI Numbers. Processing a Cell. Interleaving Cells. AAL5 Frame Format.
Summary Points. References.
21. ATM LAN Emulation.
Emulated LAN Environments. LAN Emulation Clients. LAN Emulation Servers.
The LAN Emulation Configuration Server. The LAN Emulation Server. The Broadcast and Unknown Server.
ATM LANE Protocol Elements.
ATM Addresses. Initialization with ILMI. LANE Data Frames. LANE Control Frames. Trace of a Join Response Control Frame.
LANE Version 2. Summary Points. References.
22. Fibre Channel.
Features of Fibre Channel.
Transmission Speeds. Distances, Media, and Connectors.
Fibre Channel Equipment and Topology.
Fabrics. Loop Switches. Fibre Channel Ports.
Fibre Channel Names and Addresses.
World Wide Port and Node Names. Port Identifiers (Addresses).
Fibre Channel Levels.
Classes of Service. Generic Services. FC-4 Application Mappings.
Fibre Channel Data Transfer.
8B/10B Encoding and Ordered Sets. Sequences of Frames. Exchanges. Relative Offsets. Logins and Addresses. Well-Known Addresses. Buffers and Credit. Fibre Channel Frame Format.
Examples of FC-4 Fibre Channel Use.
Encapsulation of IP Datagrams. SCSI over Fibre Channel.
Arbitrated Loops.
L_Port Addresses. Arbitrated Loop Initialization. Arbitrated Loop Data Transfer.
Summary Points. References.
IV. APPENDIXES.
Appendix A. Physical Layer Encodings for Ethernet, Fibre Channel, FDDI, and Token Ring.
Code-Groups and Special Signals. Ethernet 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T Manchester Encoding. Ethernet FOIRL, 10BASE-FL, and 10BASE-FB. 100BASE-X Ethernet, FDDI, and CDDI.
NRZI Signals for 100BASE-FX and FDDI. MLT-3 Signals for 100BASE-TX and CDDI. 4B/5B Code-Groups for FDDI, CDDI, and 100BASE-X.
Ethernet 100BASE-T4.
Ternary Symbols and 8B/6T Encoding. 100BASE-T4 Transmission. Special Symbols and Alignment. Translating Between 100BASE-X and 100BASE-T4 in a Hub.
Ethernet 100BASE-T2.
Quinary Symbols and PAM5x5 Encoding.
1000BASE-X and Fibre Channel.
8B/10B Data Encoding. 8B/10B Data Code-Group Naming Convention. Special 8B/10B Code-Groups. Ordered Sets of 8B/10B Code-Groups.
1000BASE-T.
Outline of 1000BASE-T Encoding.
Token Ring.
Differential Manchester Encoding. 100Mbps Dedicated Token Ring.
Summary Points. References.
Appendix B. Tables.
Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Characters. 8B/6T Tables. 8B/10B Translation Table. References.
Appendix C. Standards Bodies and References.
Formal Standards Bodies.
IEEE. ANSI. IETF. TIA/EIA. ITU-T. ISO
Vendor Groups.
Appendix D. Acronym List.
Glossary.
Index.
by "Nielsen BookData"
