CiNii Books - Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy : evolution and adaptation

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation Second Edition Ann B. Butler and William Hodos The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections: * Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution * Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates * Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

Table of Contents

Preface xv Acknowledgments xix List of Boxes xxi Part One Evolution and the Organization of the Central Nervous System 1 Evolution and Variation 3 Introduction 3 Diversity Over Time 4 Evolutionary Mechanisms 5 Sameness and Its Biological Significance 8 Analysis of Variation 13 2 Neurons and Sensory Receptors 19 Introduction 19 The Nervous System 19 Neurons and Sensory Receptors 20 Transport Within Neurons 21 Classification of Neurons 21 Synapses 23 Neuronal Populations 26 Receptors and Senses 28 Receptor Types 30 Topographic Organization 43 Receptive Fields 46 The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System 46 3 The Vertebrate Central Nervous System 49 Introduction 49 Development of the Brain 49 The Brain and Spinal Cord 61 Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System 61 Regional Organization of the Nervous System 63 Major Systems of the Brain 67 Nomenclature of the Brain 69 4 Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity in Brain Organization 73 Introduction 73 Vertebrate Phylogeny 74 Two Types of Brain Organization 84 5 Evolution and Adaptation of the Brain Behavior and Intelligence 93 Phylogeny and Adaptation 93 Complexity and Evolution 96 Evolutionary Change 99 Brain Evolution and Behavioral Adaptation 100 Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation 105 Summary and Conclusions 109 6 Theories of Brain Evolution 113 Introduction 113 Some Common Assumptions 113 Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution: Addition of Structures or Areas 114 Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Organization: New Formation and Reorganization of Circuits 115 Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 116 Parcellation Theory 117 Current Theories of Forebrain Evolution 117 Perspective 121 Part Two The Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 7 Overview of Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 127 Overview of the Spinal Cord 127 Overview of the Hindbrain 133 Evolutionary Perspectives on the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain 136 8 The Spinal Cord 139 The Spinal Cords of Nontetrapods 139 The Organization of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord 145 Evolutionary Perspective 152 9 Segmental Organization of the Head Brain and Cranial Nerves 157 "Twelve" Cranial Nerves 157 The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization 158 Theoretical Head Segments 165 Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves 166 10 Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves 173 Introduction 173 The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord 173 The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem 176 Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem 180 General Considerations 181 11 Sensory Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem 183 Introduction 183 Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory Sensation 183 Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste 189 Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems 194 12 Motor Cranial Nerves 205 Introduction 205 Feeding and Swallowing 207 The Acoustic Reflex 213 Motor Control of Eye Muscles 214 Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves 218 13 The Reticular Formation 221 Introduction 221 The Organization of the Reticular Formation 222 Pathways of the Reticular Formation 230 The Reticular Formation and Sleep 234 Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation 236 14 The Cerebellum 241 Introduction 241 Overview of the Cerebellum 241 Cerebellar Size 242 The Various Forms of the Cerebellum 243 The Cerebella of Tetrapods 246 The Cerebella of Nontetrapods 246 The Cerebellar Cortex 247 The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes 259 Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 260 Evolutionary Perspective 262 Functions of the Cerebellum 262 Part Three The Midbrain 15 Overview of the Midbrain 267 Introduction 267 The Isthmus 268 The Tegmentum 273 The Tectum 273 16 Isthmus 275 Introduction 275 Nuclei of the Raphe 275 Locus Coeruleus 277 Nucleus Isthmi 281 Isthmo-Optic Nucleus 283 Midbrain Locomotor Region and Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus 284 Interpeduncular Nucleus 285 17 Tegmentum and Tori 289 Introduction 289 Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve 289 Red Nucleus and Related Nuclei 290 Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area 292 Torus Lateralis 304 Torus Semicircularis 304 Evolutionary Perspective 277 18 Optic Tectum 311 Introduction 311 Overview of Tectal Organization 311 Overview of Tectal Connections 312 The Optic Tectum in Group I Vertebrates 315 The Optic Tectum in Group II Vertebrates 321 Evolutionary Perspective 334 Part Four The Forebrain: Diencephalon 19 Overview of the Forebrain 343 Introduction 343 Nomenclature of the Forebrain in Amniotes 344 The Diencephalon 344 The Telencephalon: Pallium 352 The Telencephalon: Subpallium 364 20 Pretectum Accessory Optic System and Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 373 Introduction 373 Pretectum 373 Accessory Optic System 389 Evolutionary Perspective 394 Migrated Posterior Tuberculum 396 Evolutionary Perspective 399 21 Epithalamus 407 Introduction 407 Epiphysis 407 Habenula 409 Evolutionary Perspective 414 22 Dorsal Thalamus 417 Introduction 417 Collothalamic Auditory System 418 Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems 426 Lemnothalamus 432 Evolutionary Perspective 437 A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates 439 23 The Visceral Brain: The Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System 445 Introduction 445 The Hypothalamus in Anamniotes 451 The Hypothalamus in Amniotes 455 The Autonomic Nervous System 460 Evolutionary Perspective 462 Part Five The Forebrain: Telencephalon 24 Basal Telencephalon 471 Introduction 471 The Striatopallidal Complexes 472 The Striatal Amygdala 487 Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon 488 Evolutionary Perspective 489 25 Nonlimbic Pallium 495 Introduction 495 The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates 496 The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group IIA Vertebrates 498 The Nonlimbic Pallium in Amniotes 501 Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies 510 26 Visual Forebrain in Amniotes 523 Introduction 523 Ipsilateral Retinal Pathways and Stereoscopic Vision 524 Visual Pathways to the Telencephalon in Mammals 524 Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds 537 Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of Amniotes 540 27 Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain in Amniotes 547 Introduction 547 The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals 547 The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Nonmammalian Amniotes 559 Evolutionary Perspective 566 28 Auditory and Vocal Forebrain in Amniotes 571 Introduction 571 Design Features of the Auditory System 574 Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods 574 Auditory Telencephalon 577 Evolutionary Perspective 589 29 Terminal Nerve and Olfactory Forebrain 593 Introduction 593 Olfactory System 593 Vomeronasal System 601 Terminal Nerve 605 Evolutionary Perspective 606 30 Limbic Telencephalon 611 Introduction 611 The Limbic Pallium in Anamniotes 612 The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group IIB) 617 Limbic Subpallium: Septum 628 Evolutionary Perspective 629 Part Six Conclusion 31 Evolution of Brains: A Bilaterian View 637 Introduction 637 Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis 638 Brain Evolution within Chordates 644 The Origin of Vertebrates 649 The Advent of Jaws 655 Onto the Land and Into the Air 656 Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution 657 How Vertebrate Brains Evolve 657 Appendix: Terms Used in Neuroanatomy 665 Introduction 665 Direction and Location Terms 665 Planes of Section 666 Neuroanatomical Names 668 Derivation of Terms 668 Glossary 671 Index 679

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