CiNii 図書 - The budget reconciliation process

The budget reconciliation process is an optional procedure that operates as an adjunct to the budget resolution process established by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The chief purpose of the reconciliation process is to enhance Congress's ability to change current law in order to bring revenue, spending, and debt-limit levels into conformity with the policies of the annual budget resolution. Reconciliation is a two-stage process. First, reconciliation directives are included in the budget resolution, instructing the appropriate committees to develop legislation achieving the desired budgetary outcomes. If the budget resolution instructs more than one committee in a chamber, then the instructed committees submit their legislative recommendations to their respective Budget Committees by the deadline prescribed in the budget resolution; the Budget Committees incorporate them into an omnibus budget reconciliation bill without making any substantive revisions. In cases where only one committee has been instructed, the process allows that committee to report its reconciliation legislation directly to its parent chamber, thus bypassing the Budget Committee. The second step involves consideration of the resultant reconciliation legislation by the House and Senate under expedited procedures. Among other things, debate in the Senate on any reconciliation measure is limited to 20 hours (and 10 hours on a conference report) and amendments must be germane and not include extraneous matter. The House Rules Committee typically recommends a special rule for the consideration of a reconciliation measure in the House that places restrictions on debate time and the offering of amendments. As an optional procedure, reconciliation has not been used in every year that the congressional budget process has been in effect. Beginning with the first use of reconciliation by both the House and Senate in 1980, however, reconciliation has been used in most years. In three years, 1998 (for FY1999), 2002 (for FY2003), and 2004 (for FY2005), the House and Senate did not agree on a budget resolution. Congress has sent the President 19 reconciliation acts over the years; 16 were signed into law and three were vetoed (and the vetoes not overridden). Following an introduction that provides an overview of the reconciliation process and discusses its historical development, the book explains the process in sections dealing with the underlying authorities, reconciliation directives in budget resolutions, initial consideration of reconciliation measures in the House and Senate, resolving House-Senate differences on reconciliation measures, and presidential approval or disapproval of such measures. The text of two relevant sections of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Sections 310 and 313) is set forth in the Appendices.

Introduction
Overview of the Budget Reconciliation Process
Historical Development
Underlying Authorities of the Reconciliation Process
Section 310 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974
Section 313 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974
Procedural Provisions in Budget Resolutions
Other Authorities
Reconciliation Directives in Budget Resolutions
Features of Reconciliation Directives
Types of Directives
Multiple Directives
Impact of Directives on the Deficit or Surplus
Initial Consideration in the House
Development of Legislative Recommendations
by the Instructed Committees
Committee Mark-up Procedures
Committee Submissions
Compliance with Reconciliation Directives
Preparation of an Omnibus Measure by the House Budget Committee
Special Rules and the House Rules Committee
Provisions of the Special Rule
Floor Consideration: Debate and Amendment
Consideration and Disposition of Amendments
Raising and Sustaining Points of Order
Motions to Recommit
Initial Consideration in the Senate
Development of Legislative Recommendations
by the Instructed Committees
Relationship With the Budget Committee
Hearings, Mark-up, and Reporting or Submission
of Recommendations
Committee Report or Submission Requirements
Preparation of an Omnibus Measure by the Senate Budget Committee . . .
Ensuring Accuracy and Completeness
Dealing With Tardy Responses
Evaluating Compliance
Floor Consideration: Debate and Amendment
Patterns in the Consideration of Senate and House Legislation
Initiating Consideration and Controlling Time
Restrictions on Amendments and Motions to Recommit
Vote-arama
The Senates Byrd Rule Against Extraneous Matter
Definitions of Extraneous Matter
Exceptions to the Definition of Extraneous Matter
Resolving House-Senate Differences on Reconciliation Measures
Initial Motions and Appointment of Conferees
Motions to Instruct Conferees
Conducting the Conference and Reporting the Conference Agreement
Consideration of the Conference Report
Enrolment and Technical Corrections
Presidential Approval or Disapproval
Presidential Approval
Presidential Veto
Line-Item Veto
Cancellation of Limited Tax Benefits
Cancellation of Direct Spending Item.

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The budget reconciliation process

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