Lessons of disaster : policy change after catastrophic events
著者
書誌事項
Lessons of disaster : policy change after catastrophic events
（American governance and public policy）
Georgetown University Press, c2006
- : cloth
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-207) and index
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
-
: cloth ISBN 9781589011205
内容説明
Even before the wreckage of a disaster is cleared, one question is foremost in the minds of the public: "What can be done to prevent this from happening again?" Today, news media and policymakers often invoke the "lessons of September 11" and the "lessons of Hurricane Katrina." Certainly, these unexpected events heightened awareness about problems that might have contributed to or worsened the disasters, particularly about gaps in preparation. Inquiries and investigations are made that claim that "lessons" were "learned" from a disaster, leading us to assume that we will be more ready the next time a similar threat looms, and that our government will put in place measures to protect us. In "Lessons of Disaster", Thomas Birkland takes a critical look at this assumption. We know that disasters play a role in setting policy agendas - in getting policymakers to think about problems - but does our government always take the next step and enact new legislation or regulations? To determine when and how a catastrophic event serves as a catalyst for true policy change, the author examines four categories of disasters: aviation security, homeland security, earthquakes, and hurricanes.
He explores lessons learned from each, focusing on three types of policy change: change in the larger social construction of the issues surrounding the disaster; instrumental change, in which laws and regulations are made; and political change, in which alliances are created and shifted. Birkland argues that the type of disaster affects the types of lessons learned from it, and that certain conditions are necessary to translate awareness into new policy, including media attention, salience for a large portion of the public, the existence of advocacy groups for the issue, and the preexistence of policy ideas that can be drawn upon. This timely study concludes with a discussion of the interplay of multiple disasters, focusing on the initial government response to Hurricane Katrina and the negative effect the September 11 catastrophe seems to have had on reaction to that tragedy.
目次
1. Introduction and Overview Knowledge, Learning, and Policy Change A Model of Event-Related Policy Change Learning and Lessons in This Study Methods The Case Studies Conclusion 2. September 11, Learning, and Policy Change What is Homeland Security? Events and Reports: The Emergence of the Homeland Security Problem The September 11 Attacks as Focusing Events September 11, Policy Failure, Learning, and Change Conclusions: Learning after September 11 3. Learning from Aviation Security Disasters Historical Trends in Aviation Security Agenda Change and Security Incidents Policy Change, Learning, and Implementation Implementation Problems in Aviation Security Conclusions 4. Learning From Earthquakes and Hurricanes Why Natural Hazards Matter Disaster Mitigation as a Primary Goal of Disaster Policy Earthquakes and Hurricanes on National and Local Agendas Legislation and Regulation Learning from Disasters at the State and Local Level Conclusions 5. Summary and Conclusions Learning and the Policy Process Revisiting the Propositions Assessing the Elements of the Model Factors that Promote and Inhibit Learning Focusing Events and the Accumulation of Knowledge Policy Implementation and Lessons The Persistence of Learning and the Unlearning Of Lessons Conclusion References Notes
- 巻冊次
-
: pbk ISBN 9781589011212
内容説明
Even before the wreckage of a disaster is cleared, one question is foremost in the minds of the public: "What can be done to prevent this from happening again?" Today, news media and policymakers often invoke the "lessons of September 11" and the "lessons of Hurricane Katrina." Certainly, these unexpected events heightened awareness about problems that might have contributed to or worsened the disasters, particularly about gaps in preparation. Inquiries and investigations are made that claim that "lessons" were "learned" from a disaster, leading us to assume that we will be more ready the next time a similar threat looms, and that our government will put in place measures to protect us. In "Lessons of Disaster", Thomas Birkland takes a critical look at this assumption. We know that disasters play a role in setting policy agendas - in getting policymakers to think about problems - but does our government always take the next step and enact new legislation or regulations? To determine when and how a catastrophic event serves as a catalyst for true policy change, the author examines four categories of disasters: aviation security, homeland security, earthquakes, and hurricanes.
He explores lessons learned from each, focusing on three types of policy change: change in the larger social construction of the issues surrounding the disaster; instrumental change, in which laws and regulations are made; and political change, in which alliances are created and shifted. Birkland argues that the type of disaster affects the types of lessons learned from it, and that certain conditions are necessary to translate awareness into new policy, including media attention, salience for a large portion of the public, the existence of advocacy groups for the issue, and the preexistence of policy ideas that can be drawn upon. This timely study concludes with a discussion of the interplay of multiple disasters, focusing on the initial government response to Hurricane Katrina and the negative effect the September 11 catastrophe seems to have had on reaction to that tragedy.
目次
Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments 1. Theories and Models of Policy Change and LearningKnowledge, Learning, and Policy ChangeA Model of Event-Related Policy ChangeLearning and Lessons in This StudyMethodsThe Case StudiesConclusion 2. September 11, Learning, and Policy ChangeWhat is Homeland Security?Events and Reports: The Emergence of the Homeland Security ProblemThe September 11 Attacks as Focusing EventsSeptember 11, Policy Failure, Learning, and ChangeConclusions: Learning after September 11 3. Learning from Aviation Security DisastersHistorical Trends in Aviation SecurityAgenda Change and Security IncidentsPolicy Change, Learning, and ImplementationImplementation Problems in Aviation SecurityConclusions 4. Learning From Earthquakes and HurricanesWhy Natural Hazards MatterDisaster Mitigation as a Primary Goal of Disaster PolicyEarthquakes and Hurricanes on National and Local AgendasLegislation and RegulationLearning from Disasters at the State and Local LevelConclusions 5. Summary and ConclusionsLearning and the Policy ProcessRevisiting the PropositionsAssessing the Elements of the ModelFactors that Promote and Inhibit LearningFocusing Events and the Accumulation of KnowledgePolicy Implementation and LessonsHurricane Katrina and the Unlearning Of LessonsNotes ReferencesIndex Notes
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