Mastering social psychology
著者
書誌事項
Mastering social psychology
Pearson Allyn & Bacon, c2007
- : Pearson international edition
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Finally, a briefer version of one of the best-selling textbooks in the social psychology course for those who prefer less detail. Baron and Byrne set the standard for the course with their original book, and new co-author Nyla Branscombe has brought freshness and new insights with her expertise in topics such as prejudice, the self, gender and group processes. The briefer version retains all the hallmarks of the original text: up-to-date coverage of the quickly evolving area of social psychology--balanced in its coverage of fundamentals with current research--and written in a lively, engaging style.
目次
- 1. THE FIELD OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: How We Think about and Interact with Others 3 Social Psychology: A Working Definition 5 Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature 6 Social Psychology Focuses on the Behavior of Individuals 8 Social Psychology Seeks to Understand the Causes of Social Behavior and Social Thought 8 Social Psychology: Its Cutting Edge 12 Cognition and Behavior: Two Sides of the Same Social Coin 12 Social Neuroscience: Where Social Psychology and Neuroscience Meet 13 The Role of Implicit (Nonconscious) Processes 14 Taking Full Account of Social Diversity 15 Answering Questions about Social Behavior and Social Thought: Research Methods in Social Psychology 16 Understanding Research Methods: What's in It for You 16 Systematic Observation: Describing the World around Us 17 Correlation: The Search for Relationships 17 The Experimental Method: Knowledge through Systematic Intervention 19 Interpreting Research Results: The Use of Statistics, and Social Psychologists as Perennial Skeptics 22 The Role of Theory in Social Psychology 23 The Quest for Knowledge and Rights of Individuals: Seeking an Appropriate Balance 25 Summary and Review of Key Points 26 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 27 Key Terms 27 2. SOCIAL COGNITION: Thinking about the Social World 29 Schemas: Mental Frameworks for Organizing-and Using-Social Information 32 The Impact of Schemas on Social Cognition: Attention, Encoding, Retrieval 32 The Self-Confirming Nature of Schemas: When-and Why-Beliefs Shape Reality 34 Heuristics and Automatic Processing: How We Reduce Our Effort in Social Cognition 35 Representativeness: Judging by Resemblance 35 Availability: "If I Can Think of It, It Must Be Important." 36 Anchoring and Adjustment: Where You Begin Makes a Difference 37 Automatic Processing in Social Thought: Saving Effort-But at a Cost! 38 Controlled versus Automatic Processing in Evaluating the Social World: Evidence from Social Neuroscience 39 Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Why Total Rationality Is Rarer Than You Think 41 Negativity Bias: The Tendency to Pay Extra Attention to Negative Information 41 The Optimistic Bias: Our Tendency to See the World through Rose-Colored Glasses 42 Counterfactual Thinking: The Effects of Considering What Might Have Been 44 Thought Suppression: Why Efforts to Avoid Thinking Certain Thoughts Sometimes Backfire 46 Limits on Our Ability to Reason about the Social World: Magical Thinking and Ignoring Moderating Variables 47 Social Cognition: Some Words of Optimism 48 Affect and Cognition: How Feelings Shape Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings 49 The Influence of Affect on Cognition 50 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE--Is Being in a Good Mood Always a Plus? The Potential Downside of Feeling "Up" 51 The Influence of Cognition on Affect 53 Summary and Review of Key Points 55 Connections 56 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 57 Key Terms 57 3. SOCIAL PERCEPTION: Perceiving and Understanding Others 59 Nonverbal Communication: The Language of Expressions, Gazes, and Gestures 61 Nonverbal Communication: The Basic Channels 62 Recognizing Deception: The Role of Nonverbal Cues 64 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Does "Women's Intuition" Exist? And If So, Is It Based on the Ability to Use and Interpret Nonverbal Cues? 66 Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Others' Behavior 68 Theories of Attribution: Frameworks for Understanding How We Attempt to Make Sense of the Social World 68 Attribution: Some Basic Sources of Error 72 Applications of Attribution Theory: Insights and Interventions 77 Impression Formation and Impression Management: How We Integrate Social Information 79 A True Classic in Social Psychology: Asch's Research on Central and Peripheral Traits 80 Implicit Personality Theories: Schemas That Shape First Impressions 81 Impression Formation: A Cognitive Perspective 82 Other Aspects of Impression Formation: The Nature of First Impressions and Our Motives for Forming Them 83 Impression Management: The Fine Art of Looking Good 84 Summary and Review of Key Points 87 Connections 88 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 88 Key Terms 89 4. ATTITUDES: Evaluating the Social World 91 Attitude Formation: How Attitudes Develop 94 Social Learning: Acquiring Attitudes from Others 94 Classical Conditioning: Learning Based on Association 95 Instrumental Conditioning: Rewards for the "Right" Views 96 Observational Learning: Learning by Example 97 Role of Social Comparison 97 Attitude Functions: Why We Form Attitudes in the First Place 99 The Knowledge Function of Attitudes 99 The Identity Function of Attitudes 99 The Self-Esteem Function of Attitudes 100 The Ego-Defensive Function of Attitudes 100 The Impression Motivation Function of Attitudes 101 Role of the Social Context in the Link between Attitudes and Behavior 102 When and Why Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? 102 Situational Constraints That Affect Attitude Expression 103 Strength of Attitudes 103 Attitude Extremity 103 Role of Personal Experience 104 How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior? 105 Attitudes Based on Reasoned Thought 105 Attitudes and Spontaneous Behavioral Reactions 106 The Fine Art of Persuasion: How Attitudes Are Changed 107 Persuasion: Communicators and Audiences 108 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Fear Appeals: Do They Really Work? 108 The Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion 111 Resisting Persuasion Attempts 113 Reactance: Protecting Our Personal Freedom 113 Forewarning: Prior Knowledge of Persuasive Intent 113 Selective Avoidance of Persuasion Attempts 114 Actively Defending Our Attitudes: Counter arguing against the Competition 114 Inoculation against "Bad Ideas" 115 Cognitive Dissonance: What It Is and How We Reduce It 116 Is Dissonance Really Unpleasant? 117 Is Dissonance a Universal Human Experience? 117 Dissonance and Attitude Change: The Effects of Induced or Forced Compliance 118 When Dissonance Is a Tool for Beneficial Changes in Behavior 119 Summary and Review of Key Points 121 Connections 122 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 123 Key Terms 123 5. THE SELF: Understanding "Who Am I?" 125 Thinking about the Self: Personal versus Social Identity 127 Who I Am Depends on the Situation 128 Who I Am Depends on Others' Treatment 131 Self-Awareness 132 Possible Selves: The Self over Time 132 Self-Esteem: Attitudes toward the Self 134 The Measurement of Self-Esteem 135 Self-Serving Biases 136 Is High Self-Esteem Always Positive? 137 Do Women and Men Differ in Their Levels of Self-Esteem? 137 Social Comparison: Knowing the Self 138 Self-Presentation and Self-Regulation 141 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Is Looking Inward the Best Route to Self-Insight? 142 The Self as Target of Prejudice 144 Emotional Consequences: How Well-Being Can Suffer 144 Cognitive Consequences: Performance Deficits 147 Behavioral Consequences: Stereotype Threat 147 Summary and Review of Key Points 149 Connections 150 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 151 Key Terms 151 6. PREJUDICE: Its Causes, Effects, and Cures 153 The Nature and Origins of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 156 Stereotyping: Beliefs about Social Groups 156 Why Do People Form and Use Stereotypes? 161 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Shifting Standards: Does No Difference in Evaluations Indicate No Difference in Meaning? 162 Prejudice and Discrimination: Feelings and Actions toward Social Groups 167 The Origins of Prejudice: Contrasting Perspectives 170 Discrimination: Prejudice in Action 175 Consequences of Exposure to Others' Prejudice 177 Why Prejudice Is Not Inevitable: Techniques for Countering Its Effects 179 On Learning Not to Hate 179 The Potential Benefits of Contact 179 Recategorization: Changing the Boundaries 180 Can We Learn to "Just Say No" to Stereotypes? 180 Social Influence as a Means of Reducing Prejudice 182 Summary and Review of Key Points 183 Connections 184 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 184 Key Terms 185 7. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION: Meeting, Liking, Becoming Acquainted 187 Internal Determinants of Attraction: The Need to Affiliate and the Basic Role of Affect 190 The Importance of Affiliation for Human Existence 190 Affect as a Basic Response System 191 Affect and Attraction 192 External Determinants of Attraction: Proximity and Observable Characteristics 195 The Power of Proximity: Unplanned Contacts 195 Observable Characteristics: Instant Evaluations 197 Physical Attractiveness: Judging Books by Their Covers 198 Interactive Determinants of Attraction: Similarity and Mutual Liking 203 Similarity: Birds of a Feather Actually Do Flock Together 203 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Complementarily: Do Opposites Attract? 204 Attraction: Progressing from Bits and Pieces to an Overall Picture 207 Mutual Evaluations: Reciprocal Liking or Disliking 208 Summary and Review of Key Points 209 Connections 209 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 210 Key Terms 211 8. CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: Family, Friends, Lovers, and Spouses 213 Interdependent Relationships with Family and Friends versus Loneliness 215 Family: Where Relationships and Attachment Styles Begin 216 Beyond the Family: Friendships 219 Loneliness: Life without Close Relationships 220 Romantic Relationships and Falling in Love 223 Romance: Moving beyond Friendship 223 Selecting a Potential Mate: Different Criteria for Men and Women 225 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Written in the Stars or We Met on the Internet? 226 Love: Who Can Explain It? Who Can Tell You Why? Just Maybe, Social Psychologists 227 Marriage: Happily Ever After--and Otherwise 232 Marital Success and Satisfaction: Similarity, Personality, and Sexuality 233 Love and Marriage: Careers, Parenthood, and Family Composition 234 When Relationships Fail: Causes, Preventives, and Consequences 236 Summary and Review of Key Points 240 Connections 241 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 242 Key Terms 243 9. SOCIAL INFLUENCE: Changing Others' Behavior 245 Conformity: Group Influence in Action 247 Asch's Research on Conformity: Social Pressure-The Irresistible Force? 248 Factors Affecting Conformity: Variables That Determine the Extent to Which We "Go Along" 250 Situational Norms: Automaticity in Normative Behavior 251 The Bases of Conformity: Why We Often Choose to "Go Along" 252 Resisting Pressures to Conform: Why, Sometimes, We Choose Not to "Go Along" 254 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Do Women and Men Differ in the Tendency to Conform? 256 Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule? 257 Compliance: To Ask--Sometimes--Is to Receive 258 Compliance: The Underlying Principles 258 Tactics Based on Friendship or Liking: Ingratiation 259 Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency: The Foot-in-the-Door and the Lowball 259 Tactics Based on Reciprocity: The Door-in-the-Face and the That's-Not-All Techniques 260 Tactics Based on Scarcity: Playing Hard to Get and the Fast-Approaching-Deadline Technique 261 Symbolic Social Influence: How We Are Influenced by Others Even When They Are Not There 262 Obedience to Authority: Would You Harm an Innocent Stranger if Ordered to Do So? 264 Obedience in the Laboratory 264 Destructive Obedience: Why It Occurs 266 Destructive Obedience: Resisting Its Effects 266 Social Influence Goes to Work: Influence Tactics in Work Settings 268 Summary and Review of Key Points 269 Connections 270 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 271 Key Terms 271 10. PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: Helping Others 273 Responding to an Emergency: Will Bystanders Help? 275 When a Stranger Is Distressed: Heroism or Apathy? 275 Five Crucial Steps Determine Helping versus Not Helping 276 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE--Do More Witnesses to an Emergency Mean That More Help Is Given? 277 External and Internal Influences on Helping Behavior 281 Situational Factors That Enhance or Inhibit Helping 282 Emotions and Prosocial Behavior 284 Empathy and Other Personality Dispositions Associated with Helping 286 Long-Term Commitment to Prosocial Action and the Effects of Being Helped 289 Volunteering 289 Self-Interest, Moral Integrity, and Moral Hypocrisy 290 How Does It Feel to Be Helped? 291 The Basic Motivation for Engaging in Prosocial Acts 293 Empathy-Altruism: It Feels Good to Help Others 294 Negative-State Relief: Helping Makes You Feel Less Bad 295 Empathic Joy: Helping as an Accomplishment 295 Genetic Determinism: Helping as an Adaptive Response 295 Summary and Review of Key Points 297 Connections 298 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 299 Key Terms 299 11. AGGRESSION: Its Nature, Causes, and Control 301 Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of the Roots of Violence 303 The Role of Biological Factors: From Instincts to the Evolutionary Perspective 303 Drive Theories: The Motive to Harm Others 304 Modern Theories of Aggression: The Social Learning Perspective and the General Aggression Model 305 Causes of Human Aggression: Social, Cultural, Personal, and Situational 307 Social Causes of Aggression: Frustration, Provocation, and Heightened Arousal 307 Exposure to Media Violence: The Effects of Witnessing Aggression 309 Violent Pornography: When Sex and Aggression Mix--and Perhaps Explode 311 Cultural Factors in Aggression: "Cultures of Honor" and Sexual Jealousy 312 Personal Causes of Aggression: Type A, Narcissism, Sensation Seeking, and Gender Differences 314 Situational Determinants of Aggression: The Effects of High Temperatures and Alcohol Consumption 317 Aggression in Long-Term Relationships: Bullying and Workplace Violence 320 Bullying: Singling Out Others for Repeated Abuse 320 Workplace Violence: Aggression on the Job 321 The Prevention and Control of Aggression: Some Useful Techniques 323 Punishment: Just Desserts versus Deterrence 324 Cognitive Interventions: Apologies and Overcoming Cognitive Deficits 325 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Catharsis: Does "Getting It Out of Your System" Really Help? 326 Forgiveness: Compassion Instead of Revenge 326 Summary and Review of Key Points 329 Connections 330 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 330 Key Terms 331 12. GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS: The Consequences of Belonging 333 Groups: Why We Join . . . and Why We Leave 335 Groups: Some Basic Aspects 336 The Benefits-and Costs-of Joining 338 Effects of the Presence of Others: From Task Performance to Behavior in Crowds 341 Social Facilitation: Performing in the Presence of Others 341 Social Loafing: Letting Others Do the Work 344 Deindividuation: Submerged in the Crowd 344 Coordination in Groups: Cooperation or Conflict? 346 Cooperation: Working with Others to Achieve Shared Goals 346 Conflict: Its Nature, Causes, and Effects 349 Resolving Conflicts: Some Useful Techniques 350 Perceived Fairness in Groups: Its Nature and Effects 352 Basic Rules for Judging Fairness: Distributive, Procedural, and Transactional Justice 352 Reactions to Perceived Unfairness: Tactics for Dealing with Injustice 353 Decision Making by Groups: How It Occurs and the Pitfalls It Faces 354 The Decision-Making Process: How Groups Attain Consensus 355 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF COMMON SENSE-Are Groups Really Less Likely Than Individuals to "Go over the Edge"? 355 Potential Dangers of Group Decision Making: Groupthink, Biased Processing, and Restricted Sharing of Information 357 Summary and Review of Key Points 360 Connections 362 Ideas to Take with You-and Use! 362 Key Terms 363 **PLEASE NOTE: Module A: Social Psychology in Action
- and Module B: Social Psychology Goes to Work, are available in the eBook located on MyPsychLab. www.mypsychlab.com.** Glossary G-1 References R-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index
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