CiNii 図書 - Critical thinking

More than any other textbook, Moore and Parker's "Critical Thinking" has defined the structure and content of the critical thinking course, at colleges and universities across the country - and has done so with a witty writing style that students enjoy. Now in full-color, the eighth edition brings the concepts of critical thinking to life in vivid detail, with current examples relevant to today's students.

Chapter 1: Critical Thinking Basics Claims Arguments Other Concepts and Terms Subjectivism Value Judgments "Basic Critical Thinking Skills" Two Kinds of Good Argument Deductive Arguments Inductive Arguments Recognizing Arguments The Two Parts of an Argument The Language of Arguments Two Confusions about Argument Arguments and Explanations Arguments and Persuasion Relevance, Rhetoric, and Keeping a Clear Head Recap Exercises Box 1-1 In the Media: The Talk Show Syndrome Box 1-2 On Language: Doing Things with Words Box 1-3 Real Life: The Greatest President? Chapter 2: Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing Vagueness Box 2-3 On Language: A Weakest Link Quiz Vague and Misleading Comparisons Ambiguous Claims Semantic ambiguity Syntax ambiguity Grouping ambiguity The Fallacies of Composition and Division Recognizing and Deciphering Ambiguity Defining Terms The Purpose of Definitions Types of Definitions Rhetorical Definitions Writing Argumentative Essays Principles of organization and focus Good writing practices Essay types to avoid Persuasive writing Writing in a Diverse Society Recap Exercises Box 2-1 Real Life: Who Said What? Box 2-2 In the Media: Say What? Box 2-4 Real Life: Misleading Comparisons in Medical Studies Box 2-5 Real Life: Cause for Alarm? Box 2-6 In the Media: A Misleading Mathematical Visual Box 2-7 Real Life: Misleading Averages Box 2-8: On Language: Making Ambiguity Work for You Box 2-9: On Language: Check Your Chart Box 2-10: In Depth: More Examples of Critical Thinking Box 2-11: On Language: And while We're on the Subject of Good Writing Box 2-12: On Language: Avoiding Sexist Language Chapter 3: Credibility The Claim and its Source Assessing the Content of the Claim Does the Claim Conflict with Our Personal Observations? Does the Claim Conflict with our Background Information? Credibility of a Source Credibility and the News Media Government Management of the News Media Foul-Ups Bias within the Media Talk Radio The Internet Advertising Recap Exercises Box 3-1: Real Life: The Nigerian Advance Fee 419 Fraud: The Internet's Longest-Running Scam Box 3-2: Real Life: Could he be an Interested Party? Box 3-3: Real Life: Who Do You Trust? Box 3-4: In the Media: The Lake Wobegon Effect Box 3-5: Real Life: "Eyewitness Accounts" Box 3-6: Real Life: When is a Scam not a Scam? Box 3-7: Real Life: The Boeing 757 Conspiracy Box 3-8: Real Life: Fib Wizards Box 3-9: Real Life: Who Can you trust? Box 3-10: Real Life: Do Your Ears Stick Out Box 3-11: In the Media: Schwarzenegger's News Box 3-12: In the Media: Fox news, PBS, and Misperceptions of the Iraq War Box 3-13: In the Media: Saving Private Jessica Box 3-14: In the Media: The Public Agony over Terri Schiavo Box 3-15: In the Media: Bloggers on Prime Time Box 3-16: Real Life: When is an Ad not an Ad? When it's Product Placement! Box 3-17: On Language: Celebrity Endorsements We Can Live With Chapter 4: Persuasion through Rhetoric: Common Devices and Techniques Euphemisms and Dysphemisms Rhetorical Comparisons, Definitions, and Explanations Stereotypes Innuendo Loaded Questions Weaslers Downplayers Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm Hyperbole Proof Surrogates Persuasive "Rhetoric" in Photographs and Other Images Recap Exercises Box 4-1: Real Life: The Death Tax Box 4-2: On Language: Don't Think of an Elephant Box 4-3: On Language: Legislative Misnomers Box 4-4: In the Media: Photographic Innuendo Box 4-5: In Depth: Innuendo with Statistics Box 4-6: In Depth: Don't Get Carried Away Chapter 5: More Rhetorical Devices: Psychological and Related Fallacies The "Argument" from Outrage Scare Tactics Other Fallacies based on Emotions Rationalizing Everyone Knows! Subjectivism Again! The Relativist Fallacy Two Wrongs Make a Right Red Herring/Smokescreen Recap Exercises Box 5-1: In the Media: Christopher Shay as a beauty queen Box 5-2: Examples from Life: Rhetoric and Social Security Box 5-3: Examples from Life: "Knee Operation Judged Useless" Box 5-4: In the Media: "Positive Outlook Won't Delay Cancer Death, Study Says" Box 5-5: Examples from Life: The Great White Van Box 5-6: Examples from Life: A Red Herring in a Letter to Time Chapter 6: More Fallacies The Ad Hominem Fallacy The Personal Attack Ad Hominem The Inconsistency Ad Hominem Circumstantial Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Genetic Fallacy "Positive Ad Hominem Fallacies" Straw Man False Dilemma The Perfectionist Fallacy Line Drawing Fallacy Slippery Slope Misplacing the Burden of Proof Begging the Question Recap Exercises Box 6-1: In Depth: The Double Standard Box 6-2: In the Media: Straw Man in the Elder Competition Box 6-3: Real Life: Photo False Dilemma Box 6-4: Real Life: $8 Billion, Down the Tube Box 6-5: In the Media: A Double Slippery Slope Box 6-6: In Depth: Innocent Until Proved Guilty Box 6-7: In the Media: So Much for Presumed Innocent! Box 6-8: Real Life: Getting Really Worked up over Ideas Chapter 7: The Anatomy and Varieties of Arguments Arguments: General Features and Review Conclusions Used as Premises Unstated Premises and Conclusions Deductive Logic A Mistaken Concept of Deduction Inductive Logic Unstated Premises Identifying Unstated Premises Techniques for Understanding Arguments Clarifying an Argument's Structure Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing Evaluating Arguments Recap Exercises Box 7-1: In Depth: Conclusion Indicators Box 7-2: In Depth: Premise Indicators Box 7-3: In Depth: Don't Confuse Arguments with Explanations! Box 7-4: Real Life: Abe Lincoln Knew his Logic Box 7-5: On Language: Everyday English Definitions Box 7-6: In Depth: Unstated Arguments Box 7-7: In Depth: Don't Forget Fallacies Box 7-8: On Language: Stupid Liberal! Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic Categorical Claims Venn Diagrams Translation into Standard Form The Square of Opposition Three Categorical Operations Conversion Obversion Contraposition Categorical Syllogisms The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises Real-Life Syllogisms The Rules Method of Testing for Validity Recap Additional Exercises Box 8-1: On Language! The Most Versatile Word in English Box 8-2: In Depth: Venn Diagrams for the Three Operations Box 8-3: In Depth: Two Common Mistakes Box 8-4: Real Life: Brodie! Box 8-5: In Depth: Additional Common Invalid Argument Forms Box 8-6: Real Life: Wolfowitz and the World Bank Chapter 9: Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic Truth Tables and the Truth-Functional Symbols Claims Variables Truth Tables Symbolizing Compound Claims Truth-functional Logic and Electrical Circuits Symbolizing Compound Claims "If" and "Only If" Necessary and Sufficient Conditions "Unless" "Either!" Truth-Functional Arguments Deductions Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns Rule 1: Modus ponens (MP), also known as affirming the antecedent Rule 2: Modus tollens (MT), also known as denying the consequent Rule 3: Chain Argument (CA) Rule 4: Disjunctive argument (DA) Rule 5: Simplification (SIM) Rule 6: Conjunction (CONJ) Rule 7: Addition (ADD) Rule 8: Constructive dilemma (CD) Rule 9: Destructive dilemma (DD) Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences Rule 10: Double Negation (DN) Rule 11: Commutation (COM) Rule 12: Implication (IMPL) Rule 13: Contraposition (CONTR) Rule 14: DeMorgan's Laws (DEM) Rule 15: Exportation (EXP) Rule 16: Association (ASSOC) Rule 17: Distribution (DIST) Rule 18: Tautology (TAUT) Conditional Proof Box 9-1: In Depth: Test Yourself Box 9-2: Real Life: Truth-Functional Trickery< Box 9-3: Real Life: Hell Hath Enlarged Herself Box 9-4: On Language: Another "If" and "Only if" Confusion Box 9-5: Real Life: Rule I Box 9-6: In Depth: Some Common Truth-Functional Argument Patterns Box 9-7: Real Life: If the Dollar Falls! Chapter 10: Inductive Arguments Analogical Arguments Inductive Generalizations Formal and Informal Inductive Arguments Example of a Formal Generalization: A Political Poll Random Variation: Problems and Solutions Sample Size Informal Inductive Arguments Informal Error Margins: "Cautious" Conclusions Informal Confidence Levels: Hedging our Bets Summing Up: Evaluating Inductive Generalizations and Analogical Arguments Fallacies Polls: Problems and Pitfalls Self-Selected Samples Slanted Questions Playing by the Numbers Recap Box 10-1 Real Life: Bears! Box 10-2 In Depth: Typical Sample Cases: Deduction in Disguise Box 10-3 Real Life: The Great Slip-ups of 1948 Box 10-4 On Language: Danger: Doctors and Guns Box 10-5 Real Life: Who do you Trust? Box 10-6 On Language: Ask Us No [Loaded] Questions
We'll Tell You Lies Box 10-7 Real Life: Welcome to Saint Simpson's Box 10-8 In Depth: Which is More Likely Chapter 11: Causal Arguments Informal Causal Reasoning Two Basic Patterns of Causal Reasoning Relevant Difference Reasoning Common-Thread Reasoning Common Mistakes in Informal Causal Reasoning General Causal Claims Controlled Cause-to-Effect Experiments Nonexperimental Cause-to-Effect Studies Nonexperimental Effect-to-Cause Studies Appeal to Anecdotal Evidence Doubtful Causal Claims/Hypotheses Causal Explanations and Arguments Explanations and Excuses Recap Additional Exercises Box 11-1: Real Life: Converting Correlation to Causation Box 11-2: On Language: The Great 9/11 Mystery Box 11-3: Real Life: See What Happens if You Watch the Tube? Box 11-4: In the Media: "Teen Smoking Surge Reported after Joe Camel's 1988 Debut" Box 11-5: Real Life: Television's Effect on Kids Box 11-6: Real Life: Hey, Couch Potato--Read This! Box 11-7: In Depth: Cigarettes, Cancer, and the Genetic-Factors Argument Box 11-8: Real Life: A Fool and His or Her Money are Soon Parted Box 11-9: On Language: The Wrong Initials Can Shorten Your Life Box 11-10: Real Life: Study Backs an Old Idea about Crime Box 11-11: Real Life: Birthday Coincidences Box 11-12: Real Life: Auberry Drive Cancer Toll at 7 Box 11-13: Real Life: When is Affirmative Action not Affirmative Action? Box 11-14: Real Life: Are Women Less Competent? Box 11-15: In Depth: Acts and Rules Box 11-16: Real Life: The Inmate who got a new heart Box 11-17: In Depth: While Moral Problems Chapter 12: Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning Moral Evaluations Moral vs. Non-moral
Moral vs. Immoral Deriving Moral Value Judgments Consistency and Fairness Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning Relativism Utilitarianism Duty Theory/Deontologism Divine Command Theory Virtue Ethics Moral Deliberation Legal Reasoning Legal Reasoning and Moral Reasoning Compared Two Types of Legal Studies: Justifying Laws and Interpreting Laws The Role of Precedent in Legal Reasoning Aesthetic Reasoning Eight Aesthetic Principles Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth Why Reason Aesthetically? Recap Additional Exercises Box 12-1: Examples from Life: Acts and Rules Box 12-2: In the Media: Inmate Who got New Heart While Still in Prison Dies Box 12-3: Critical Thinking: Why Moral Problems Seem Unresolvable Appendix 1: Readings & Ads for Analysis Selection 1: Three Strikes and the Whole Enchilada Selection 2: Controlling Irrational Fears after 9/11 Selection 3: Excerpts from Federal Court Ruling on the Pledge of Allegiance Selection 4: Gays' Impact on Marriage Underestimated by Jeff Jacoby Selection 5: Bush's Environmental Record by Bob Herbert Selection 6: Death Penalty Has no Place in U.S. by Cynthia Tucker Selection 7: Hetero by Choice? A Radio Commentary by Richard Parker Selection 8: Bonnie and Clyde *Selection 9: Excerpt from "Disinformation on Judges" by Thomas Sowell Selections 10A & 10B: Equal Treatment is Real Issue--Not Marriage from USA Today & Gay Marriage "Unnatural" by Rev. Louis P. Sheldon *Selection 11: Excerpt from "Paying the Price for Bush's Retro Energy Policy" by Arianna Huffington *Selection 12: Excerpt from "Liberals Love America Like O.J. Loved Nicole" by Ann Coulter Selection 13: Is God Part of Integrity? Editorial from Enterprise Record, Chico, CA *Selection 14: Excerpt from "Calling the Kettle Gay" Selections 15A & 15B: Make Fast Food Smoke Free from USA Today & Don't Overreact to Smoke by Brennan M. Dawson Selections 16A & 16B: Buying Notes Makes Sense at Lost-in-Crowd Campuses from USA Today & Buying or Selling Notes is Wrong Selections 17A & 17B: Next, Comprehensive Reform of Gun Laws from USA Today & Gun Laws Are No Answer Selections 18: Letter from the National Rifle Association Selections 19A & 19B: How Can School Prayer Possibly Hurt? Here's How from USA Today & We Need More Prayer by Armstrong Williams Selection 20: Do Women Really Need Affirmative Action? By Joanne Jacobs Selection 21: Want Better Schools? Support Teachers by Dean Simpson Jr. *Selection 22: "An American Revolution" ad *Selection 23: "Can You Wait" Queen Mary ad *Selection 24: "What tobacco issue is important to you? Ad *Selection 25: "ROXY" ad *Selection 26: "Cointreau" ad Appendix 2: The Top Ten Fallacies of All Time Appendix 3: The Scrapbook of Unusual Issues

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Critical thinking

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