The economics of gender

著者

書誌事項

The economics of gender

Joyce P. Jacobsen

Blackwell, 2007

3rd ed

  • : pbk

大学図書館所蔵 件 / 全9件

この図書・雑誌をさがす

注記

Includes bibliographical references and indexes

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The Economics of Gender, 3e offers an affordable, comprehensive, and up-to-date introduction to the contemporary research being conducted on the differences between women's and men's economic opportunities, activities, and rewards. While focusing on contemporary US patterns, this text integrates an uniquely international comparative perspective Discusses the pros and cons of various policies, including comparable worth and welfare programs Revisions to the 3rd edition include fully updated data, inclusion of new research, and new examples and studies Clear, readable, and provocative with helpful appendices to provide additional information for readers who have little experience with economics, while simultaneously providing further detail for the economically sophisticated Flexible in design, for use by both labor economics students and women's studies programs without labor economics prerequisites

目次

Preface xii Part I What Are the Issues in the Economics of Gender? 1 1 Introduction 3 What Is the Economics of Gender? 3 Why Study the Economics of Gender? 4 How are Men and Women Different? 5 Focus: Gender, Gender, Everywhere 6 Why are Men and Women Different? 6 Focus: Why are Women Underrepresented in Science? 9 Critiques of the Economic Approach 14 Communication between Academic Disciplines 16 Focus: Gender and Metaphor in the Language of Economics 17 Summary 18 Endnotes 18 Further Reading 21 Discussion Questions 21 Appendix: The Repercussions of Scarcity 22 Opportunity Cost 22 The Marginal vs. Total Distinction 23 Markets 24 Focus: The Intrinsic Value Paradox: Are Diamonds and Water Like Lawyers and Child Care Workers? 26 Noncompetitive Markets-Monopoly and Monopsony 27 Policy Application: Effects of a Minimum Wage 30 Endnotes 31 Discussion Questions 32 2 Gender Differences in the U.S. Economy 33 How much do men and women work? 33 Focus: Will men be tomorrow's "second sex"? 38 Where do women and men work? 39 How much money do men and women make? 42 How well-off are women and men? 45 Focus: Gender differences in charitable contributions 47 How do men and women allocate their time? 50 Policy application: Unemployment policy 51 Summary 53 Endnotes 53 Further reading and statistical sources 55 Discussion questions 56 Part II Why Do Women and Men Work? 59 3 The Household as Economic Unit 61 Household and marriage formation 61 Forces determining the division of labor 67 Who to marry and how to share 73 Focus: Is bachelorhood a pitiable state? 76 How is power distributed in households? 77 Focus: The economics of domestic violence 78 Household and marriage dissolution 79 Focus: Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements 80 Policy application: No-fault divorce 81 Summary 83 Endnotes 84 Further reading 88 Discussion questions 88 Appendix: Consumption and production relationships 89 Gains from trade 90 Budget constraints and indifference curves 92 Substitutes and complements 94 Endnote 96 Discussion questions 96 4 Labor Force Participation: Analysis of Trends 97 Trends in labor force participation 97 What has caused these trends? 105 Explanations of the rise in women's labor force participation 107 Focus: What is higher-quality housework? 112 Explanations of the fall in men's labor force participation 115 Trends in hours worked 117 Conclusions about economic factors affecting labor force participation 119 Extensions of the simple economic model 119 Focus: Changes in volunteerism rates 121 Predicting changes in the labor market 122 Policy application: Subsidized child care 123 Summary 126 Endnotes 126 Further reading 129 Discussion questions 130 Appendix: Labor supply 130 The decision to work 130 Policy application: An earnings tax 137 Endnotes 139 Discussion questions 139 5 Labor Force Participation: Consequences for Family Structure 140 Demographic trends 140 The question of causality 144 Focus: Early marriage as an element of Utopia 146 New household and family patterns 153 Changes in well-being of households and families 154 Focus: The price of success? Higher education and family life 157 Focus: Teenage mothers and the cycle of poverty 158 Policy application: Regulation of fertility-access to contraception and abortion 160 Summary 163 Endnotes 163 Further reading and statistical sources 167 Discussion questions 167 Part II Policy Application: Welfare Reform 169 What is welfare? 169 Who is poor? 169 Effects of welfare programs 171 Approaches to welfare reform 175 Focus: Making noncustodial parents pay 178 Focus: The Free the Children antipoverty program 179 Recent welfare reform in the U.S. 180 Endnotes 182 Further reading and statistical sources 183 Discussion questions 184 Part III the Earnings Puzzle: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? 187 6 Gender Segregation in the Workplace 189 The situation in various occupations 189 Focus: Directors and officers at Fortune 500 companies 192 Interpretation of large changes in the proportion of women in some occupations 192 Segregation index values 195 Cross-cultural segregation data 199 Theories of why segregation occurs and persists 202 Focus: Blind selection processes 205 The relationship between segregation and earnings 205 Focus: University coaches' salaries 209 Effects of workforce policies on segregation 209 Policy application: Affirmative action 213 Summary 215 Endnotes 215 Further reading 219 Discussion questions 220 7 Causes of Earnings Differences: Human Capital 222 What is human capital? 222 How human capital investments affect earnings 223 Focus: The "mommy track" controversy 228 The significance of human capital theory for occupational choice 229 Focus: Is there gender bias in educational testing? 231 Evidence of effects of human capital differences on gender earnings differences 232 Focus: Is the classroom climate chilly for women? 237 Policy implications of human capital theory for the gender earnings gap 238 Policy application: Nontraditional job training programs 238 Summary 239 Endnotes 239 Further reading and statistical sources 242 Discussion questions 242 Appendix: Regression analysis 243 Endnotes 247 Discussion questions 247 8 Causes of Earnings Differences: Compensating Differentials 248 What is a compensating differential? 248 How do compensating differentials affect earnings? 249 Focus: Death on the job 251 Sorting of workers across firms and industries 252 Gender differences in preferences for job characteristics 253 Focus: Gender differences in "selling out" 256 Policy implications of compensating differentials for the gender earnings gap 260 Policy application: Workplace regulations 260 Summary 262 Endnotes 262 Further reading 264 Discussion questions 264 9 Causes of Earnings Differences: Discrimination 265 How economists define discrimination 265 Overview of evidence of workplace discrimination 266 Focus: The difficulties of filing discrimination charges 267 Focus: The Sears case 273 How do discrimination theories explain gender workplace differences? 274 Models involving tastes for discrimination 275 Models of discrimination that do not involve prejudice 278 Can discrimination exist in equilibrium? 284 Feedback effects from labor market discrimination 285 Devices for combating discrimination 285 Focus: Women don't ask? Improving negotiation skills 287 Policy application: Anti-discrimination legislation 288 Summary 289 Endnotes 289 Further reading 294 Discussion questions 294 Part III Policy Application: Comparable Worth 296 What is comparable worth? 296 The pros and cons of comparable worth 297 Focus: Comparable worth for professors 303 How would comparable worth be implemented nationally? 304 Estimation of potential comparable worth benefits and costs 305 Evaluation of actual comparable worth policies 307 The need for policies to correct discrimination 309 Endnotes 310 Further reading 312 Discussion questions 313 Part IV Cross-societal Comparisons: Are Gender Differences the Same Everywhere? 315 10 Industrialized Capitalist Societies 317 Overview of levels and trends in these countries 317 Focus: Institutionalized pay discrimination in New Zealand 323 Focus: Swedish hiring quotas and Norwegian boardroom quotas 326 Examples from particular countries 327 Focus: Comparing tax system effects for Sweden and Germany 331 Social policies across advanced industrialized countries 332 Policy application: Child allowances 335 Summary 335 Endnotes 336 Further reading and statistical sources 339 Discussion questions 340 11 Socialist and Cooperative Societies 341 Why these societies might be expected to display more gender equality 341 Evaluation of actual practices 342 Focus: Causes of the progress of women in the Soviet Union 347 Examples from particular countries 348 Focus: How many "missing girls" are there in China? 349 Focus: Vietnam as a paradigm for transition? 354 Summary 354 Endnotes 354 Further reading and statistical sources 357 Discussion questions 357 12 Nonindustrialized Traditional Societies 359 Overview of levels and trends in these countries 359 Methods for evaluating the extent and value of work 367 Focus: Time use in Togo 368 Level of gender inequality by type of society 369 Focus: Flexible gender roles in American Indian societies 370 Focus: Sex ratios across societies 373 Examples from particular countries 373 Policy application: Rural-urban migration disincentives 376 Summary 377 Endnotes 377 Further reading 380 Discussion questions 381 13 Effects of the Development Process on Gender Differences 383 What is development? 383 Focus: Two Brazilian factories 388 Development effects on family structure 389 Focus: The marriage market in Singapore 390 Development policy topics 391 Focus: Bank loans in Bombay 394 Policy application: Foreign aid practices 395 Summary 396 Endnotes 396 Further reading and statistical sources 398 Discussion questions 399 Part V Historical Comparisons: How Do Gender Differences Vary Over Time? 401 14 Gender Differences in U.S. Economic History 403 Overview by era 403 Focus: Mill towns in New England 404 Long-run trends in labor markets 407 Focus: Bank tellers and the tipping phenomenon 411 Policies affecting men and women differently 414 Focus: The cigar industry 416 Policy application: Marriage bars 417 Summary 418 Endnotes 418 Further reading and statistical sources 421 Discussion questions 422 15 Race, Ethnicity, and Class Considerations in Interpreting Gender Differences 423 Gender differences across groups 423 Different conceptual frameworks for analyzing group differences 426 Focus: Does U.S. immigration law hurt women? 427 Displaced populations-American Indians 427 Repercussions of slavery: the African-American experience 428 Focus: Black progress in corporate America 430 Immigrant experiences 431 Group membership considerations in formulation of policy 434 Focus: Does Title IX discriminate against black men? 435 Policy application: Quotas in educational programs and hiring 436 Summary 437 Endnotes 437 Further reading 439 Discussion questions 439 16 Policy Proposals 441 Summary of policy approaches to gender issues 441 General precepts for policy formulation 442 Focus: Why don't women get tenure? 448 Focus: Part-time lawyers 449 Policy application: Family-friendly benefits 451 Summary 451 Endnotes 451 Further reading and statistical sources 453 Discussion questions 453 Author index 455 Subject index 468

「Nielsen BookData」 より

詳細情報

ページトップへ