On chirality and the universal asymmetry : reflections on image and mirror image
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書誌事項
On chirality and the universal asymmetry : reflections on image and mirror image
Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta , Wiley-VCH, c2007
- : pbk.
- : pbk.
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Until half a century ago, it was assumed that the forces of nature were symmetric and that they did not distinguish between right and left, between image and mirror image. The discovery of the violation of parity in 1956 was more than a sensation, for some it was a shock. It implied that the universe displays handedness, or chirality, and that it is fundamentally asymmetric.
Remarkably, a most striking asymmetry is encountered in the realm of biology. Living organisms contain proteins built almost exclusively from L-amino acids, and nucleic acids derived from D-sugars only. Yet a mirror-image biochemistry, based on D-amino acids and L-sugars is, from a purely chemical standpoint, entirely conceivable. Where, then, does this extraordinary natural selectivity come from? Is it directly, or indirectly, connected to the universal violation of parity?
This book is meant as a brief review of the various manifestations of handedness, or chirality, in the universe. It does not attempt to present a solution to basic questions which perhaps will never be unambiguously and conclusively answered. Rather, it is an excursion through nature, to observe and recognize how the chirality manifests itself at different structural levels. The excursion starts in the chemistry and physics laboratory. Then a journey into outer space and back in time is undertaken. After a return to our planet Earth, the focus is on the development of living organisms.
The text should be accessible to anyone having the equivalent of a first-year university instruction in physics and chemistry. It is also hoped that a layperson with a more modest scientific formation may gain a general impression of the basic asymmetry in nature and of the fundamental significance of chirality. Mathematical expressions, wherever they occur, may then be overlooked. Some more difficult sections may be skipped. A Glossary preceding the Subject Index should be helpful.
目次
Preface
Introduction
1. Image and Mirror Image in Molecules
1.1. The Homochirality of Life
1.2. The Discovery of Natural Optical Activity
1.3. Chirality and the Birth of Stereochemistry
1.4. Absolute Configuration
1.5. Asymmetric Synthesis
2. The Violation of Parity
2.1. Through the Looking Glass
2.2. Parity and the Laws of Physics
2.3. Time Reversal and the CPT Theorem
2.4. The Selectivity of the Weak Forces
2.5. Parity Violation in a Nuclear Reaction
2.6. Parity and Selection Rules in Atoms
2.7. The Violation of Parity in Atoms
2.8. The Violation of Parity in Molecules
2.9. The Interconversion of Enantiomers
2.10. From Meson Decay to Molecular Homochirality
3. Light, Magnetism and Chirality
3.1. Electromagnetism and Light
3.2. On the Interaction of Light with Molecules
3.3. Natural Optical Activity
3.4. Magnetic Optical Activity
3.5. The Magnetochiral Effect
3.6. The Magnetochiral Effect in an Atom
3.7. The Magnetochiral Effect in Molecular Fluids
3.8. Magnetochiral Photochemistry
4. The P, T- Triangle
4.1. Definition of Chirality
4.2. The Triangle of P- and T-Symmetry
4.3. The Inverse Magnetochiral Birefringence
4.4. The Magnetochiral Effect in Electric Conduction
4.5. Magnetochirodynamics
5. Journey into Outer Space
5.1. Remarks on the History of Science
5.2. The Evolution of the Universe
5.3. The Birth and Death of Stars
5.4. Is there a Temporal Evolution of the Basic Symmetries?
5.5. Galactic and Intergalactic Matter
5.6. Stellar and Galactic Magnetic Fields
5.7. The Fractal and Chiral Universe
6. Return to Earth
6.1. The Chaotic and Chiral Solar System
6.2. Asymmetry on Earth
6.3. Chaos in the Atmosphere
6.4. Geological and Mineralogical Chirality
7. Chirality at the Nano- and Micrometer Scale
7.1. On Chiral Crystals
7.2. Chirality in Liquid Crystals
7.3. Chiral Surfaces
7.4. Chiral Carbon Nanotubes
7.5. Observing Vortices
8. Chiral Models
8.1. The use of Models for the Description of Nature
8.2. Dissecting a Cube and a Sphere
8.3. From Dihedral Angles to the Classification of Knots
8.4. From Ligand Partitions to Chirality Functions
8.5. Sector Rules to interpret CD and ORD Spectra
8.6. From Helices to Moebius Strips
8.7. Coupled and Asymmetric Classical Harmonic Oscillators
8.8. An Early Quantum Mechanical Model
8.9. Are there Absolute Measures of Chirality?
8.10. On Multipole Expansions
8.11. Magnetochiral Scattering of Light
9. Pathways to Homochirality
9.1. Chiral Intermolecular Interactions
9.2. Enantioselectivity at Phase Boundaries
9.3. Enantioselective Adsorption on Chiral Surfaces
9.4. Chiral Chromatography
9.5. Enantioselectivity by Achiral Chromatography
9.6. Enantiomeric Excess by Chiral Catalysis
9.7. Homochiral Polymerization: Oligopeptides
9.8. Homochiral Polymerization: Polypeptides
9.9. Biopolymer Generation on Mineral Surfaces
9.10. Selectivity in Biopolymer Synthesis
9.11. Homochiral Organic Crystals
9.12. How Many Ways Lead to Rome?
10. Prebiotic Evolution and Beyond
10.1 What Is Life?
10.2. The Primary Origin of Absolute Enantiomeric Excess
10.3. Secondary Sources of Absolute Enantioselectivity
10.4. Prebiotic Evolution: from the Deep Sea to the Hadean Beach
10.5. Enantiomeric Excess by Surface Geology and Sunlight
10.6. Prebiotic Evolution: Extraterrestrial Origins
10.7. Prebiotic Evolution: Looking for Research Strategies
10.8. From Molecular Enantioselectivity to Biological Precision
10.9. From Molecular Enantioselectivity to Macroscopic Biological Chirality
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